________ are political entities whose structure and function are lodged within the legislative, judicial, and executive branches of the government.
New cards
2
Level
________ four: misdemeanors, such as disorderly conduct, shoplifting, public drunkenness, and minor assault.
New cards
3
legislature
Defines the law by determining what conduct is prohibited and establishes criminal penalties for those who violate the law.
New cards
4
Criminal complaint
________ is the official complaint for misdemeanors.
New cards
5
wedding cake model
The ________ of informal justice is an intriguing alternative to the traditional criminal justice flowchart.
New cards
6
A society's ability to control individual behavior in order to serve the best interests of society
What is social control?
New cards
7
London Metropolitan Police
In 1829 what was the first police agency?
New cards
8
1919
What year was the Chicago Crime Commission created?
New cards
9
Wickersham Commission
In 1931 President Hoover appointed the National Commission of Law Observance and Enforcement called the ______
New cards
10
The American Bar Foundation Project
1950s sponsored research that showed the CJ system is composed of an intricate network of agencies
New cards
11
Legislature
not a main component
New cards
12
Level one
What level is famous people and those charged with committing particularly heinous crimes that capture national headlines
New cards
13
ex
OJ simpson celebrity
New cards
14
Level two
What level is serious felonies-rapes, robberies, and burglaries
New cards
15
Level three
What level is less serious offenses committed by young or first-time offenders or involving people who knew each other or were otherwise related
New cards
16
Level four
What level is misdemeanors, such as disorderly conduct, shoplifting, public drunkenness, and minor assault
New cards
17
investigation
the purpose is to gather enough evidence to identify a suspect to support a legal arrest
New cards
18
initial contact
In most instances, an offender’s initial contact with the criminal justice system takes place as a result of a police action
New cards
19
Arrest
to be legal it has to be: probable cause, deprives freedom, suspects believes that they are now in custody
New cards
20
In-presence requirement
A police officer cannot arrest someone for a misdemeanor unless the officer sees the crime occur. To make an arrest for a crime the officer did not witness, an arrest warrant must be obtained.
New cards
21
custody
holding by the police
New cards
22
Charging
If the arresting officers or their superiors believe that sufficient evidence exists to charge a person with a crime, the case will be turned over to the prosecutor’s office
New cards
23
nolle prosequi
an entry in the court record to the effect that the plaintiff or prosecutor will not proceed
New cards
24
preliminary hearing/grand jury
A group of citizens chosen to hear charges against persons accused of crime and to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to bring those persons to trial.
New cards
25
true bill of indictment
The action taken by a grand jury when it votes to indict an accused suspect.
New cards
26
arraignment
a legal document calling someone to court to answer an indictment
New cards
27
bail/detention
Money bond levied to ensure the return of a criminal defendant for trial
New cards
28
plea bargain
guilty plea in exchange for reducing or dropping some of the charges or agreeing to a request for a more lenient sentence or some other consideration
New cards
29
Trial adjudication
if no agreement is made a criminal trial will be held and left to the jury’s decision
New cards
30
Sentencing/disposition
if found guilty will return for sentencing or if not found guilty case is over
New cards
31
Appeal/postconviction remedies
can file an appeal if there is a belief that constitutional rights were violated or miss use of evidence
New cards
32
correctional treatment
carries out sentence
New cards
33
release
offender returns to society
New cards
34
postrelease
may be asked to spend time in community correctional center
New cards
35
Courtroom work group
A term used to imply that all parties in the justice process work together in a cooperative effort to settle cases efficiently rather than to engage in a true adversarial procedure.
New cards
36
The LEAA supported the development of many criminal justice programs in colleges and universities across the country.
How did the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) impact the academic field of criminal justice?
New cards
37
a physical assault by a first-time offender on a relative resulting in no injury
Which of the following crimes would be considered a Level III crime under the wedding cake model of justice?
New cards
38
They operate in an environment where moral ambiguity is the norm.
Why are ethical demands difficult to meet for those involved in the criminal justice system?
New cards
39
The courtroom work group delivers punishments while avoiding delays and avoiding formal trials.
Why is the courtroom work group important to keeping the justice system flowing?
New cards
40
Justice programs, policies, and procedures now undergo vigorous review to determine their validity.
How has the What Works movement reshaped the modern criminal justice system?
New cards
41
They fear the loss of respect from fellow officers.
Why might a law enforcement officer (LEO) be wary of complaining about a partner who has been seen engaging in a low-level criminal activity such as illegal gambling?
New cards
42
the Constitution, and ensuring that its standards are met
As a fair and impartial officer of the court, to what is a prosecutor responsible to?
New cards
43
Offenders are in an inferior power position to correctional professionals.
Why do frequent abuses of power happen in the corrections system?
New cards
44
law enforcement agencies
Which element of the criminal justice system in the United States is concerned with investigating crimes and apprehending suspects?
New cards
45
to remove nonviolent offenders from the nation's correctional system
What is purpose of deinstitutionalization?
New cards
46
To enable offenders to appreciate the damage they caused, to make amends, and to be reintegrated into society.
What is the aim of the restorative justice perspective?
New cards
47
Because of the stigma of crime, people may find it difficult to be accepted back into society.
Why does the nonintervention perspective view certain criminal punishments as harmful to offenders even after they have served their time?
New cards
48
Punishment is nonproportional and harsher for racial minorities than it is for others.
How does the racial animus model view criminal justice in the United States?
New cards
49
The criminal justice process is hampered by enormous caseloads, inadequate resources, and limiting structural factors.
What primarily prevents the criminal justice process in the United States from working as intended?
New cards
50
pre-twentieth-century, East Coast, urban gangs in the United States
Groups such as the Plug Uglies, the Swamp Angels, the Daybreak Boys, and the Bowery Boys are associated with __________.
New cards
51
executive
Which branch of government in the United States is entrusted with overseeing agencies of justice?
New cards
52
It prevents the overwhelming majority of cases from going to trial.
What is the impact of plea bargaining on the United States justice system?
New cards
53
Fairness and equity should be present in the criminal justice process.
What similarities in goals are shared by the due process and equal justice perspectives?
New cards
54
harsh punishment
What does the crime control perspective of justice focus on as a deterrent?
New cards
55
upon being taken into custody following an arrest
At which stage of the criminal justice process is the accused informed of their constitutional rights via Miranda warnings?
New cards
56
It proved that theories on crime could be effectively utilized to combat crime in a large city.
Why is the formation of the Chicago Crime Commission in 1919 important in the realm of criminal justice in America?
New cards
57
dual system of federal and state government
Which of the following primarily contributes to the monumental cost and size of the contemporary criminal justice system in the United States?
New cards
58
Bail allows the accused to stay out of custody while giving them an incentive to return for trial.
What is the purpose of bail?
New cards
59
evidence against the accused
Which factor would those who believe in the objectivity of the criminal justice system consider as having a legitimate influence on decision making?
New cards
60
the existence and recognition of sufficient evidence against a defendant
What is necessary for a true bill of indictment to be issued?
Studied by 2 people
Note 
Flashcard (31)