Module 2

nature-nurture issue

controversy of whether genes or experience develop individuals’ psychological traits + behaviors (9)

natural selection (Charles Darwin)

among range of inherited trait variations, those who survive environment + reproduce will pass those traits so next generations (10)

levels of analysis

differing views (from biological, psychological, or social-cultural) for analyzing any given phenomenon (11)

biopsychosocial approach

approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis (11)

behavioral psychology

study of observable behavior and its explanation by principles of learning (12) / how we learn observable responses

biological psychology

study of links betw biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological processes (12) / how body + mind enable emotions, memories, sensory experiences

cognitive psychology

study of all mental activities associated w thinking, knowing, remembering, communicating (13) / how we encode, process, store, retrieve info

evolutionary psychology

study of evolution of behavior + mind using principles of natural selection (13) / how natural selection of traits have promoted survival of genes / DARREN’s definition: perspective that humans have evolved with certain "beneficial" behaviors that persist to modern humans

humanistic psychology

how we meet out mental + physical needs for love and acceptance and achieve self-fulfillment (12)

psychodynamic psychology

studies how unconscious drives or how conflicts influence behavior , and use that info to treat ppl w psychological disorders (13) / how behavior springs from unconscious drives

social-cultural psychology

study of how situations + cultures affect behavior + thinking (13) / how behavior and thinking vary across situations + cultures

psychometrics

study of measurement of human abilities, attitudes, traits (13)

basic research

science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base (14)

developmental psychology

study of physical, cognitive, social change throughout lifespan (14)

educational psychology

study of how psychological processes affect + can enhance teaching + learning (14)

personality psychology

study of individuals’ characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, acting (14)

social psychology

study of how we view + affect each other (14)

applied research

scientific study that aims to solve practical problems (15)

industrial-organization psychology (I/O)

application of psychological concepts + methods to optimize human behavior in workplace (15)

human factors psychology

I/O psychology subfield that explores how ppl + machines interact and how machines + physical environment can be made safe and easy to use (15)

counseling psychology

assists ppl w problems in living (school, work, marriage) and in achieving higher well-being (15)

clinical psychology

studies, assesses, treats ppl w psychological disorders (15)

psychiatry

branch of medicine dealing w disorders ; practiced by physicians who provide (medical) treatments as well as psychological therapy (15)

positive psychology

study of human functioning w goals of discovering + promoting strengths that help individuals and communities survive (15)

community psychology

studies how ppl interact w social environment and how social institutions affect individuals/groups (15)

SQ3R

study method incorporating 5 steps (Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review)