ITSV 272 Final: Key Computer Science Terms & Definitions

Electronic transfer of data from one location to another

Data Communication

Why do managers need to know about data communication?

-Enhances decision makers' efficiency and effectiveness

-Enables organizations to use e-mail and electronic file transfer to improve efficiency and productivity

Amount of data that can be transferred from one point to another in a certain time period

Bandwidth

Loss of power in a signal as it travels from the sending device to the receiving device

Attenuation

multiple pieces of data are sent simultaneously to increase the transmission rate

Broadband

Voice-grade transmission channel capable of transmitting a maximum of 56,000 bps, so only a limited amount of information can be transferred

Narrowband

Rules that govern data communication

Protocols

Error detection, message length, and transmission speed are all

Rules that govern data communication

Input/output device, smart terminal, intelligent terminal, workstation, or personal computer are all

Sender and Receiver Devices

Process data and send it to other devices

Minicomputers, mainframes, and supercomputers

Advanced capabilities, with a built-in keyboard or an external USB keyboard

Smartphones mobile phones, MP3 players, and PDAs

Receives instructions from a game player and produces a video display signal on a television screen or monitor

Video game console

Devices that connect a user to the Internet

Modems

Analog modem is necessary to convert a computer's digital signals to analog signals

Dial-up

High-speed service that uses ordinary phone lines

Digital subscriber line (DSL)

Use the same cable that connects to TVs for internet connections

Cable modems

Connect sender and receiver devices | can be conducted, or radiated | can be a point-to-point or a multipoint system

Communication Media

Processing is done at one central computer

Centralized Processing

Each user, department, or division has its own computer for performing processing task

Decentralized Processing

Maintains centralized control and decentralized operations

Distributed Processing

Seven-layer architercture for defining how data is transmitted from computer to computer in a network

Open Systems Interconnection Model

Serves as the window through which applications access network services

Application

Formats message packets

Presentation

Establishes a communication session between computers

Session

Generates the receiver's address and ensures the integrity of messages

Transport

Routes messages

Network

Oversees the establishment and control of the communication link

Data Link

Defines the physical medium used for communication

Physical

Hardware component that enables computers to communicate over a network

Network Interface Card

Connects workstations and peripheral devices that are in close proximity

Local area network (LAN)

Spans several cities, states, or countries and is owned by different parties

Wide area network (WAN)

Designed to handle data communication for multiple organizations in a city and nearby cities as well

Metropolitan area newtork (MAN)

Represents a network's physical layout, including the arrangement of computers and cables

Network Topologies

Consists of a central computer and a series of nodes

Star Topology

No host computer is required; each computer manages its own connectivity

Ring Topology

Connects nodes along a network segment. ends of the cable are not connected

Bus Topology

Hardware device used at each end of the cable to absorb the signal

Terminators

Combines computers with different processing strengths in different organizational levels

Hierarchical Topology

Every node is connected to every other node

Mesh Topology

Agreed-on methods and rules that electronic devices use to exchange information

Protocols

Industry-standard suite of communication protocols that enables interoperability

Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol

Operates at the OSI model's transport layer, establishes a link between hosts, ensures message integrity and sequences

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

Operates at the OSI model's Network layer, responsible for packet forwarding, divided into network address and node address

Internet protocol (IP)

Collection of binary digits sent from computer to computer over a network

Packet

Process of deciding which path data takes ; determined by the type of network and the software used to transmit data

Routing

Determines the best possible route for a packet

Routing table

One node is in charge of selecting the path for all packets

Centralized routing

Relies on each node to calculate its own best possible route

Distributed routing

Network connection device containing software that connects network systems and controls their traffic flow

Router

Requires the network routing manager to give it information about which addresses are on which network

Static router

Can build tables that identify addresses on each network, used more often now

Dynanmic router

Software runs on the local computer and communicates with the remote server to request information or services

Client/Server Model

Remote computer on the network that provides information or services in response to client requests

Server

Client communicates directly with the server

Two-Tier Architecture

Uses wireless instead of wired technology

Wireless network

Network operating on a radio frequency (RF)

Mobile network

Alternative to wired LANs, characterized by having one owner and covering a limited area

Wireless LANs

Cover a broader area than WLANs

Wireless WANs

TDMA | increases effciency by 300 percent; allows carrying three calls on one channel

Time Division Multiple Access

CDMA | Transmits multiple encoded messages over a wide frequency and then decodes them at the receiving end

Code Division Multiple Access

Integrating voice, video, and data so that multimedia information can be used for decision making

Convergence

A global collection of millions of interconnected computers and networks of all sizes using standardized communication protocols

Internet

The foundation network made of fiber optic cables that connect data routers across the world to support high bandwidth

Internet backbone

NAP | access points that allow network service providers a swapping point to other networks- a point to mediate traffic over interchanging networks

Network Access Point

Changed the format of the internet by introducing GUI

World Wide Web

Documents that include embedded references to audio, text, images, video, or other documents

Hypermedia

Text which contains links to other documents

Hypertext

Computer that stores hypermedia documents and makes them available to other computers on the internet

Server

Computers requesting hypermedia documents

Client

Unique identifiers of computer or network addresses the Internet

Domain names

Converts domain names to IP addresses when information is transferred from one network to another

DNS protocol

The computer that use the DNS protocol to maintain lists of computer and website addresses and translates names to IP addresses

DNS servers

URL | the identifying address of a document or site on the internet

Uniform Resoure locator

TLD | The suffix of the domain name that indicates the type of organization or country the address specifies (.org, .edu, .com)

Top-level domain

Connecting to a network such as the internet using telephone lines

DSL digital subscriber line

Allocates more bandwidth for downstream data than upstream data flow

Asymmetric DSL

Equal bandwidth for upstream and downstream data flows

Symmetric DSL

Todays replacement for ADSL and SDSL

Very high-speed DSL

Uses softwares known as spider bots/crawlers which constantly scan the web for new data and returns the data to the search engine so that all data is up to date

Crawling the web [Web Crawler]

A process in which keyboards on a web page are strored in servers

Indexing

When a term is enterned into the search bar the index is referenced to see which sites best match the keywords entered

Searching

A newer type of search engine that was developed to help users find searches more relevant to them

Graph searching

Most well known by "Hey Google", or "Hey Siri" | Works by detecting the voice of the user and returning most relevant information requested

Voice searching

Take information and organize it into categories. There are 2 types

Directories

Uses crawlers to index keywords, and automatically update if changes are made

Automated directrory

Manuel entry index that must be updated constantly to ensure the directory is up to date

Human-powered Directory

Type of email that can be accessed from any computer and stores emails on web server

Web-based email

A type of email that is a install email program on a computer, download and strore emails locally

Client based email

Exchanges text messages with others in real time in chat rooms

Internet Relay Chat (IRC)

Allows users to communicate with others via private "chat room" on internet

Instant Messaging (IM)

Uses the internet to exchange spoken conversations with Voice over internet protocol (VoIP)

Internet telephony

A network within an organization that uses Internet protocols and technologies

Intranet

A secure network that uses the internet and web technologies to connect intranets of business partners

Extranets

Area of network separate from the organization's LAN

Demilitarized Zone DMZ

Labeled as DMZ is connected with suppliers through the internet using an outer firewall

Extranet server

Refers to the web-based development where users, data, processes, and things interconnected with the internet

IoE

Refers to the buying and selling of goods over the internet

E-Commerce

Transfers old retail model to e-comnmerce

Merchant Model

Brings sellers and buyers together on the web

Brokerage model

Involves generating revenue from more than one source

Mixed model