Neoplasm 2- Tables (and some extra)

What are the sources and cancer caused by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

source: Cigarette smoke, charred meat

cancers: Lung, oral cavity

What are the sources and cancer caused by Aromatic amines and azo dyes?

Source: Aniline dyes, rubber industry

Cancer: Bladder cancer

What are the sources and cancer caused by Aflatoxin B1?

Source: Aspergillus-contaminated peanuts/grains

Cancer: Hepatocellular carcinoma

What are the sources and cancer caused by nitrosamines?

Source: Smoked/preserved foods

Cancer: Gastric cancer

What is the source and cancers caused by Benzene?

Source: Industrial exposure

Cancer: Acute leukemia

What is the source and cancers caused by asbestos?

Source: Insulation, shipyards

Cancer: Mesothelioma, lung cancer

What is the source and cancers caused by Vinyl Chloride?

Source: Plastic industry

Cancer: Angiosarcoma of liver

What cancers are associated with HPV (16, 18)?

Cervical, anal, oropharyngeal cancer

What cancer is associated with EBV?

Burkitt lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma

What cancer is associated with HBV and HCV?

Hepatocellular carcinoma

what cancer is associated with HTLV1?

Adult T-cell Leukemia/ Lymphoma

what cancer is associated with HHV-8

Kaposi Sarcoma

Which cancer is assocated with Mercel Cell Polyomavirus?

Merkel cell Carcinoma

Helicobacter pylori is associated with what cancers?

Gastric adenocarcinoma, MALT lymphoma

Schistosoma haematobium is associated with what cancer?

Squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder

Clonorchis sinensis is associated with what cancer?

Cholangiocarcinoma (in the bile duct)

Ulcerative colits can lead to what cancer?

Colon cancer

Chornic hepatitis can lead to what cancer?

Liver cancer

Chronic gastritis can lead to what cancer?

Gastric carcinoma

What gene and gene type are effected in FAP?

APC, a tumor supressor

What genes and gene type are effected in HNPCC (Lynch Syndrome)?

MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2 (all tumor supressors)

Does FAP or HNPCC have more polyps?

Faminal Adenomatous Polyposis

Which side of the colon do FAP and HNPCC effect respectively?

PAF effects the left side and HNPCC effects the right side

Does FAP or Lynch syndrome have an earlier age of onset?

FAP, usually seen in teens and young adults. Lynch is seen in middle aged paitents

What is the normal role of BCL2?

keeps cells alive/ anti-apoptotic

If BCL2 is overexpressed, what happens to the cells?

BCL2 will prevent apoptosis making the cells immortal and refusing to die

What mutation causes BCL2 to be over expressed?

a transolcation between 14 and 18

BCL2 over expression plays a role inw hat cancers?

follicular lymphomas

How do cancer cells avoid cellular aging?

By reactivating telomerases or through DNA recombination that will elongate telomeres

What is the resut of reactived telomerase?

cells do not shorten making them immortal

Endothelial cells produce what growth factors for neovascularization during tumor growth?

Insulin like growth factor and PDGF

What inhibitors can be lost when a tumor gains blood supply "angiogenic switch"?

thrombospondin-1 (induced by p53)

angiostatin

endostatin

What tumor supressor gene will increase risk of mutations in adenocarcinoma of the colon?

APC

What proto-onco gene will leads to formation of polyps in adenocarcinoma of the colon?

K-ras

What tumor supressor gene allows for progression to carcinoma in adenocarcinoma of the colon?

p53

A carcinoma in what parts of the colon will have a worse prognosis and be more infiltrative?

sigmoid colon and the rectum

What bacteria can induce endocarditis in patients with colonic adenocarcinoma?

Streptococcus bovis

What the gross appearance of adenomcarcinoma on the right side of the colon?

a mass with blood

What is the gross appearence of adenomcarcinoma on the left side of the colon?

apple core lesion or napkin-ring appearnce casuesd by narrowing of the lumen

What are miscrospic/ histological findings of adeno carcinoma of the colon?

Well to poorly differentiated

marked desmoplasia

mucin producing

"dirty necrosis"

Pituitary adenoma can compress the coptic chiasm causing what?

Bitemporal hemianopia

What are paraneoplastic syndromes?

hormones or hormone like substances produced by tumors whcich can cause bleeding, ulceration, or infection. These can be first signs of cancer

What cytokines are involved in cachexia?

TNF-a (cachectin) and IL-1

Cushing syndrome (ACTH production) is associated with tumor?

Small cell lung carcinoma

Hypercalcemia (PTHrP) Syndrome is associated with what tumor?

Squamouc cell carcinoma

Polycythemia (EPO production) is associated with what tumor?

Renal cell Carcinoma

Trousseau syndrome (thrombosis) is associated with what cancer?

Pancreatic

What does immunohistochemisty detect and how?

identifies tumor orgin and type by using antibodies to detect cell products or surface markers

give 2 examples of prognostic and theraputic markers used to help guide treatment decsions

ER/ PR positve breast cancer = hormone therapy

HER2 (ERBB2) postive = trastuzumab

FLow cytometry is routinley uised to diagnosis and classify what?

Leukemias and lymphomas

The tumor marker for prostate specific antigen (PSA) reflects what?

prostate cancer

benign prostatic hypertrophy

prostatic inflammation

What does the Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) tumor marker reflect?

colon or pancreas cancer

stomach or breast cancer

non-neoplastic conditions (alcoholic cirrohosis, hepatitis, ulcerative colitis)

What does the Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) tumor marker reflect?

iver & testicular germ cell tumors

non-neoplastic conditions

-cirrhosis & hepatitis

What is grading versus staging?

Grading- how well the tissue is differentiated

staging- predicts prognosis and guides treatment based on where the tumor has spread

**higher grade/ stage = more agressive