CHA101L Quiz 4

Labs 7 and 8

Right coronary artery

* Comes from the ascending aorta
* Branches into the right marginal artery and the posterior interventricular groove

Left coronary artery

* Comes from the ascending aorta
* Branches into the circumflex artery and the anterior interventricular artery

Angina pectoris

* Chest pain caused from the heart not getting enough oxygen

Myocardial infarction (MI)

* Blood clot or complete narrowing of the heart that leads to muscle/tissue death from lack of oxygen
* Aka heart attack

Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

* Creating a different route for blood to go due to damage/blockage in a different part

Great cardiac vein

* Runs parallel to the anterior interventricular artery and the proximal part of the circumflex artery
* Drains into the coronary sinus

Middle cardiac vein

* Runs parallel to the posterior interventricular artery
* Drains into the coronary sinus

Small cardiac vein

* runs parallel to the right marginal artery
* Drains into the coronary sinus

Pericarditis

* Inflammation of the pericardium

Cardiac tamponade

* Fluid buildup in the pericardial space that puts too much pressure on the heart
* Heart cannot fill to the max leading to venous blockage

Mediastinum

* The space between two pleural sacs
* Divided into superior and inferior compartments

Superior Mediastinum

* Extends from the superior thoracic aperture to the sternal angle
* Contains the thymus, great vessels, nerves (vagus, recurrent laryngeal, phrenic), trachea, and esophagus

Anterior Mediastinum

* Anterior to the heart and pericardium
* Contains only fat, lymph nodes, and the inferior part of the thymus gland
* Part of the inferior mediastinum

Middle Mediastinum

* Contains the pericardium and the heart
* Part of the inferior mediastinum

Posterior Mediastinum

* Posterior to the pericardium and diaphragm
* The space communicating between the superior mediastinum and the abdominal cavity
* Contains the thoracic aorta, thoracic duct, azygos vein, hemiazygos vein, accessory azygos vein, esophagus, and sympathetic trunk

Thoracic duct

* Drains lymph from all regions of the body except the right upper limb and right half of the head and neck

Azygos vein

* Sits on the vertebral column directly
* Forms a venous anastomosis between the SVC and IVC

Rectus abdominis

* Paired, segmented, vertically oriented muscle that lies just lateral to the median plane
* Originates from the pubic symphysis and pubic crest, and inserts on the 5th, 6th, and 7th costal cartilages

Linea alba

* The dense connective tissue in the median plane separating the right and left muscles of the rectus abdominis

Rectus sheath

* Encloses the rectus abdominis muscles
* The continuation of the aponeuroses of the abdominal muscles that lie lateral to the rectus abdominis

Lineae semilunares

* Extends from the inferior costal margin to the pubic tubercles and parallel to the lateral edges of the rectus sheath
* Makes two curvilinear impressions in the skin

Superior and inferior epigastric arteries

* Continuation of the internal thoracic artery
* Comes from the external iliac artery
* Located on the posterior aspect of the rectus abdominis muscle and anastomose together

External oblique

* Sheet-like muscle running inferomedially and anteriorly from ribs 5-12
* Inserts onto the iliac crest and pubic tubercle

Internal oblique

* Sheet-like muscle running superomedially and anteriorly from the iliac crest
* Inserts into the linea alba

Transversus abdominis

* Runs transversely from the costal margin and iliac crest
* Inserts into the linea alba

Quadratus lumborum

* Muscle of the posterior abdominal wall
* Origin: iliac crest
* Insertion: rib 12

Psoas major

* Muscle of the posterior abdominal wall
* Origin: lumbar vertebrae
* Insertion: lesser trochanter of the femur

Iliacus

* Muscle of the posterior abdominal wall
* Origin: iliac fossa
* Insertion: lesser trochanter of the femur

Genitofemoral nerve

* Pierces the psoas major muscle
* Genital branch passes through the inguinal canal to innervate the cremaster muscle and skin of the scrotum in males, or the labia in females
* Femoral branch provides sensory innervation to the proximal anterior thigh

Femoral nerve

* Lies between the psoas major and the iliacus muscles
* Passes beneath the inguinal ligament and into the anterior thigh, where it provides sensory and motor innervation

Obturator nerve

* Passes through the obturator foramen at the medial border of the psoas major muscle
* Provides sensory and motor innervation to the medial thigh

Lumbosacral trunk

* Consists of L4 and L5 on their way to the sacral plexus

Inguinal ligament

* Inferior part of the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle and attaches to the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic tubercle
* Folded back posteriorly to form a gutter and creates the anterior wall and floor of the inguinal canal

Superficial inguinal ring

* Triangular-shaped opening in the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle
* Can be found superior and lateral to the pubic tubercle

Conjoint tendon

* The common tendon of the internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles

Transversalis fascia

* Posterior to the arch and forms the posterior wall of the mid-portion of the inguinal canal

Inferior epigastric vessels

* Originate from the external iliac artery below and pass superomedially to supply the rectus abdominis muscle
* Between the transversalis fascia and the peritoneum, located toward the lateral end of the inguinal canal

Borders of the inguinal triangle

* Medially - rectus abdominis muscles
* Superolaterally - inferior epigastric vessels
* Inferiorly - inguinal ligament

Indirect inguinal hernia

* Abdominal viscera herniate through the deep inguinal ring and travels the length of the inguinal canal before emerging at the superficial inguinal ring

Direct inguinal hernia

* Abdominal viscera herniate through the medial end of the inguinal canal through the inguinal triangle

Mesentery

* Peritoneal ligament that attaches the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall

Lesser omentum

* Peritoneal ligament that attaches the liver to the stomach and duodenum

Greater omentum

* Peritoneal ligament that attaches the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon

Transverse mesocolon

* Peritoneal ligament that attaches the transverse colon to the posterior abdominal wall

Sigmoid mesocolon

* Peritoneal ligament that attaches the sigmoid colon to the posterior abdominal wall

Falciform ligament

* Peritoneal ligament that attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall

Cryptorchidism

* A condition in which one or both of the testes fail to descend from the abdomen into the scrotum
* Can lead to fertility problems and increased risk of developing testicular cancer

Hydrocele

* A type of swelling in the scrotum that happens when fluid collect in the thin sac that surrounds the testicle

Varicocele

* An enlargement of the pampiniform plexus veins in the scrotum

Omental (epiploic) foramen

* Passage between the greater sac and the lesser sac

Hepatic veins vs hepatic portal veins

* Has deoxygenated blood and nutrient poor blood now that it has been through the liver
* Has oxygenated blood and nutrient rich blood that it takes into the liver

Hormones secreted from the adrenal glands

* Cortisol
* Aldosterone
* Adrenaline
* Noradrenaline

GERD

* Gastroesophageal reflux disease
* Stomach acid repeatedly flows back into the esophagus

Hiatal hernia

* When the fundus of the stomach bulges through the esophageal hiatus

What parts of the duodenum are peritoneal? retroperitoneal?

* Upper duodenal cap
* Descending part, horizontal part, ascending part

What empties into the descending part of the duodenum?

* Common bile duct and pancreatic duct join and empty bile and digestive enzymes