Studied by 7 people
Right coronary artery
Comes from the ascending aorta
Branches into the right marginal artery and the posterior interventricular groove
Left coronary artery
Comes from the ascending aorta
Branches into the circumflex artery and the anterior interventricular artery
Angina pectoris
Chest pain caused from the heart not getting enough oxygen
Myocardial infarction (MI)
Blood clot or complete narrowing of the heart that leads to muscle/tissue death from lack of oxygen
Aka heart attack
Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
Creating a different route for blood to go due to damage/blockage in a different part
Great cardiac vein
Runs parallel to the anterior interventricular artery and the proximal part of the circumflex artery
Drains into the coronary sinus
Middle cardiac vein
Runs parallel to the posterior interventricular artery
Drains into the coronary sinus
Small cardiac vein
runs parallel to the right marginal artery
Drains into the coronary sinus
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the pericardium
Cardiac tamponade
Fluid buildup in the pericardial space that puts too much pressure on the heart
Heart cannot fill to the max leading to venous blockage
Mediastinum
The space between two pleural sacs
Divided into superior and inferior compartments
Superior Mediastinum
Extends from the superior thoracic aperture to the sternal angle
Contains the thymus, great vessels, nerves (vagus, recurrent laryngeal, phrenic), trachea, and esophagus
Anterior Mediastinum
Anterior to the heart and pericardium
Contains only fat, lymph nodes, and the inferior part of the thymus gland
Part of the inferior mediastinum
Middle Mediastinum
Contains the pericardium and the heart
Part of the inferior mediastinum
Posterior Mediastinum
Posterior to the pericardium and diaphragm
The space communicating between the superior mediastinum and the abdominal cavity
Contains the thoracic aorta, thoracic duct, azygos vein, hemiazygos vein, accessory azygos vein, esophagus, and sympathetic trunk
Thoracic duct
Drains lymph from all regions of the body except the right upper limb and right half of the head and neck
Azygos vein
Sits on the vertebral column directly
Forms a venous anastomosis between the SVC and IVC
Rectus abdominis
Paired, segmented, vertically oriented muscle that lies just lateral to the median plane
Originates from the pubic symphysis and pubic crest, and inserts on the 5th, 6th, and 7th costal cartilages
Linea alba
The dense connective tissue in the median plane separating the right and left muscles of the rectus abdominis
Rectus sheath
Encloses the rectus abdominis muscles
The continuation of the aponeuroses of the abdominal muscles that lie lateral to the rectus abdominis
Lineae semilunares
Extends from the inferior costal margin to the pubic tubercles and parallel to the lateral edges of the rectus sheath
Makes two curvilinear impressions in the skin
Superior and inferior epigastric arteries
Continuation of the internal thoracic artery
Comes from the external iliac artery
Located on the posterior aspect of the rectus abdominis muscle and anastomose together
External oblique
Sheet-like muscle running inferomedially and anteriorly from ribs 5-12
Inserts onto the iliac crest and pubic tubercle
Internal oblique
Sheet-like muscle running superomedially and anteriorly from the iliac crest
Inserts into the linea alba
Transversus abdominis
Runs transversely from the costal margin and iliac crest
Inserts into the linea alba
Quadratus lumborum
Muscle of the posterior abdominal wall
Origin: iliac crest
Insertion: rib 12
Psoas major
Muscle of the posterior abdominal wall
Origin: lumbar vertebrae
Insertion: lesser trochanter of the femur
Iliacus
Muscle of the posterior abdominal wall
Origin: iliac fossa
Insertion: lesser trochanter of the femur
Genitofemoral nerve
Pierces the psoas major muscle
Genital branch passes through the inguinal canal to innervate the cremaster muscle and skin of the scrotum in males, or the labia in females
Femoral branch provides sensory innervation to the proximal anterior thigh
Femoral nerve
Lies between the psoas major and the iliacus muscles
Passes beneath the inguinal ligament and into the anterior thigh, where it provides sensory and motor innervation
Obturator nerve
Passes through the obturator foramen at the medial border of the psoas major muscle
Provides sensory and motor innervation to the medial thigh
Lumbosacral trunk
Consists of L4 and L5 on their way to the sacral plexus
Inguinal ligament
Inferior part of the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle and attaches to the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic tubercle
Folded back posteriorly to form a gutter and creates the anterior wall and floor of the inguinal canal
Superficial inguinal ring
Triangular-shaped opening in the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle
Can be found superior and lateral to the pubic tubercle
Conjoint tendon
The common tendon of the internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles
Transversalis fascia
Posterior to the arch and forms the posterior wall of the mid-portion of the inguinal canal
Inferior epigastric vessels
Originate from the external iliac artery below and pass superomedially to supply the rectus abdominis muscle
Between the transversalis fascia and the peritoneum, located toward the lateral end of the inguinal canal
Borders of the inguinal triangle
Medially - rectus abdominis muscles
Superolaterally - inferior epigastric vessels
Inferiorly - inguinal ligament
Indirect inguinal hernia
Abdominal viscera herniate through the deep inguinal ring and travels the length of the inguinal canal before emerging at the superficial inguinal ring
Direct inguinal hernia
Abdominal viscera herniate through the medial end of the inguinal canal through the inguinal triangle
Mesentery
Peritoneal ligament that attaches the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall
Lesser omentum
Peritoneal ligament that attaches the liver to the stomach and duodenum
Greater omentum
Peritoneal ligament that attaches the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon
Transverse mesocolon
Peritoneal ligament that attaches the transverse colon to the posterior abdominal wall
Sigmoid mesocolon
Peritoneal ligament that attaches the sigmoid colon to the posterior abdominal wall
Falciform ligament
Peritoneal ligament that attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall
Cryptorchidism
A condition in which one or both of the testes fail to descend from the abdomen into the scrotum
Can lead to fertility problems and increased risk of developing testicular cancer
Hydrocele
A type of swelling in the scrotum that happens when fluid collect in the thin sac that surrounds the testicle
Varicocele
An enlargement of the pampiniform plexus veins in the scrotum
Omental (epiploic) foramen
Passage between the greater sac and the lesser sac
Hepatic veins vs hepatic portal veins
Has deoxygenated blood and nutrient poor blood now that it has been through the liver
Has oxygenated blood and nutrient rich blood that it takes into the liver
Hormones secreted from the adrenal glands
Cortisol
Aldosterone
Adrenaline
Noradrenaline
GERD
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
Stomach acid repeatedly flows back into the esophagus
Hiatal hernia
When the fundus of the stomach bulges through the esophageal hiatus
What parts of the duodenum are peritoneal? retroperitoneal?
Upper duodenal cap
Descending part, horizontal part, ascending part
What empties into the descending part of the duodenum?
Common bile duct and pancreatic duct join and empty bile and digestive enzymes
Note
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