MODULE 9: DRUG ACTING ON THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Parenteral route

barbiturates

White powder, except the sulfate containing which are yellow powder.

Phenobarbital

A long-acting barbiturate. (3 hours)

Thiopental, thiamylal, thiabarbital, methohexital, hexobarbital (normally used as pre anesthetic

A ultra-short acting barbiturate

Sulfur containing

brabiturates are the drugs that starts with -th and are yellow powder.

true

barbiturates slightly depresses respiratory system except in cats.

In ruminants and animals with a congenital porphyrin condition (pink tooth)

Barbiturates should not be given to these animals.

true

clearance of phenobarbital is greater in alkaline than in acidic urine.

Epinephrine

isoproterenol

aspirin

phenylbutazone

Re - anesthetization occurs in thiopental due to these drugs.

complete paralysis

cats anesthetized with phenobarbital and neomycin induces —

Apnea and death

Dog recovering with pentobarbital and dihydrostreptomycin causes?

true

animals receiving chloramphenicol and pentobarbital should not be used for at least 25 days.

Anemia

Chloramphenicol should not be given to animals that are for food consumption because it causes?

oxybarbiturates

Barbiturates with oxygen.

Chloral hydrate

Was 1st introduced as a hypnotic agent,before it became a CNS depressant.

Chloral hydrate

God hypnotic, but poor anesthetics because of its narrow margin of safety.

Side effects of chloral hydrate

vomiting occurs in carnivores because of gastric irritation, this is corrected with presence of food in the stomach.

The depressant effect is limited to cerebrum.

30g CH

amount of Ch in chloral hydrates, MgSO4 and pentobarbital.

15 MgSO4

Amount of Magnesium sulfate in chloral hydrates, MgSO4 and pentobarbital.

6.6g pentobarbital

Amount of pentobarbital in chloral hydrates, MgSO4 and pentobarbital.

true

pentobarbital can’t be added to the solution unless it is to be within 1 hour.

Guaifenesin

Formerly known as Glyceryl guaiacolate.

analgesic, antipyretic and expectorant

Althesin (Saffan, Safaxan)

Steroidal preparation for the induction of anesthesia

Alphaxalone acetate (steroid I)

Alphadolane acetate (steroid II)

The pregnanediol of althesin

Side effects of Althesin

Produce severe arterial hypotension in dog and cat but not in sheep, pig, rabbit and human.

True

Barbiturate is contraindicated with althesin.

Phencyclidine HCL

Differs from general anesthesia in that the absence of pain stimuli is not accompanied by loss of corneal, papillary reflexes.

ketamine HCL

ketamine HCL

more commonly used in combination with other anesthetics. ‘

It induces stage I and II (light surgical anesthesia), but not stage III

Ketamine HCL

Potent inhibitor of GABA (neurotransmitter in the brain)

Referred to as epileptogenic anesthetic.

Aminophylline

In asthmatic patients, this drug can be administered before or during ketamine anesthesia.

true

Ketamine HCL if used as mono - anesthetics, the pharyngeal and laryngeal reflex remain.

Hypertension and tachycardia

Thyroid hormone and ketamine, in patients with thyroid treatment, develops?

true

ketamine HCL can not be used in animal intended for human consumption.

true

Ketamine HCL is not recommended for abdominal and orthopedic surgery.

Contraindications of ketamine HCL

heart diseases, in liver and kidney disease, head injuries, and precaution to control hemorrhage.

Tiletamine + zolazepam

approved for dogs and cats in combination with zolazepam.

Its action in 3x longer than ketamine HCL

Phencyclidine HCL, ketamine HCL, and tiletamine

Dissociative anesthetics

Chloralose

Produced by condensing anhydrous glucose with chloral hydrate in the presence of sulphuric acid.

It is a poor anesthetic

Urethane

carcinogenic

Causes cancer

Also known as ethyl carbonate

Chemically related to urea.

metomidate

a miscellaneous agent that is recommended in birds.

Etomidate

A micellaneous agent that causes nausea / vomiting

Propofol

a miscellaneous agent that is milk color drug which is used when the availability of other anesthetics is low.