Final Exam Study Set (College Biology)

A duplicated chromosome is composed of identical ___

identical chromatids

The type of cell division that is responsible for cell division in bacteria is called ___

binary fisson

___ is nuclear division, whereas ___ is division of the cytoplasm.

cytokinesis

Which phase follows mitosis and cytokineses?

interphase

During which phase does DNA replication occur?

S phase

During this phase, the cell produces the proteins that will be needed for cell division.

G2 phase

Which cell cycle checkpoint allows damaged DNA to be repaired before it is passed on to daughter cells?

G1 checkpoint

Kinases and cyclins are

internal signals that control cell division.

Which of the following statements is true?

When tumor suppressor genes mutate, they become oncogenes

Which of the following is NOT a tumor suppressor gene?

RB

Which of the following is NOT a feature of cancer cells?

exhibiting contact inhibition

Which of these is a behavior that could help prevent cancer

maintaining a healthy weight eating more dark green, leafy vegetables, carrots, and various fruits not smoking maintaining estrogen levels through hormone replacement therapy

Mitosis ___ chromosome number, whereas meiosis ___ the chromosome number of the daughter cells

maintains, decreases

A human cell contains ___ pair(s) of sex chromosomes

2

If an organism has 24 chromosomes, what is its diploid number

24

If an organism has 36 chromosomes, what is its haploid number?

18

During which phase does a cleavage furrow form, resulting in haploid nuclei where each chromosome contains two

sister chromatids?

telophase 1

During which phase do tetrads form and crossing-over occurs?

prophase 1

During which phase do dyads align at the spindle equator

metaphase II

During which phase are four haploid daughter cells created

telophase II

During which phase do homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles?

anaphase I

During which phase do sister chromatids separate

anaphase II

During which phase do tetrads align on the spindle equator?

metaphase 1

During which phase do chromosomes in haploid nuclei condense

prophase II

crossing-over

occurs only between members of a tetrad

Which process produces daughter cells with different genetic combinations

meiosis

Which process produces haploid daughter cells?

meiosis

Which process consists of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

mitosis and miosis

Nondisjunction can result in ___.

monosomy and trisomy

An individual with Turner syndrome is conceived when a normal gamete unites with

an egg that experienced nondisjunction during oogenesis. a sperm that experienced nondisjunction during spermatogenesis.

interphase

period of the cell cycle where the cell grows and replicates DNA

The mass number of an atom depends primarily on the number of

protons and neutrons

The most abundant element by weight in the human body is

oxygen

In the following equation, name the reactants: NaCl  Na + Cl.

NaCl

A covalent bond in which electrons are NOT shared equally is called

polar

Which element has the same number of valence electrons as nitrogen (N)?

phosphorus

Water flows freely but does not separate into individual molecules because water is

cohesive

Compounds having an affinity for water are said to be

hydrophylic

Water freezes from the top down because

ice is less dense than liquid water.

Water can absorb a large amount of heat without much change in temperature because it has a high

heat capacity

A pH of 3 is

acidic

___ contribute hydrogen ions (H+) to a solution

acids

To maintain a constant pH, many organisms use ___ to regulate the hydrogen ion concentration

buffers

Which of the following is an organic molecule?

C6H12O6

Carbon chains can vary in

length, number of double bonds and branching structure.

Organic molecules containing carboxyl groups are

acidic

Which of the following determines the chemical reactivity of biological molecules?

functional groups

An amino acid is to a protein as a ___ is to a nucleic acid

neucleotides

Biomolecules are polymers that are formed when ___ are joined by a ___ reaction

monomers, dehydration synthesis

Which of the following is a monosaccharide?

glucose

Cellulose, the major component of plant cell walls, is a member of the ___ group

carbohydrate

Keratin, found in hair, fingernails, horns, and feathers, is a member of the ___ group.

protein

Steroids such as cholesterol and sex hormones, are a member of the ___ group.

lipid

___ are composed of nucleotides.

nucleic acids

___ are insoluble in water due to hydrocarbon chains

Lipids

___ sometimes undergo complementary base pairing

nucleic acids

__ may contain pleated sheets and helices

Proteins

___ may be a ring of six carbon atoms attached to hydroxyl groups

Carbohydrates

A triglyceride contains

glycerol and three fatty acids

Variations in three-dimensional shapes among proteins are due to bonding between the

R groups

The polysaccharide found in plant cell walls is

cellulose.

Which of the following can be viewed only with an electron microscope?

virus

As a cell increases in size, its surface-area-to-volume ratio

decreases

The plasma membrane is said to be a fluid-mosaic model because it contains

mosaic of proteins suspended within a phospholipid bilayer

Which of the following types of proteins allow materials to move into, or out of, the cell?

channel proteins

Which of the following is NOT found in a prokaryotic cell?

mitochondrion

The ___ is located outside the cell wall in a prokaryotic cell.

capsule

Which of these structures is involved in protein synthesis?

ribosome

Which of the following is found in a plant cell, but not in an animal cell?

Chloroplast

The endomembrane system consists of all of the following, except

mitochondria.

The majority of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) needed by the cell is produced by the

mitochondria.

___ move materials between the organelles of the endomembrane system.

Vesicles

Centrioles are made of

microtubules

Which of the following is NOT part of the cytoskeleton?

Centrioles

___ are involved in the movement of the cell.

cilia, and flagela

___ is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Diffusion

___ requires energy input.

Active transport

___ is the movement of water across a membrane.

Osmosis

___ uses a membrane protein to move particles with the concentration gradient.

Facilitated diffusion

The movement of water across the plasma membrane of a cell is facilitated by

aquaporins.

Seawater is ___ to blood because it contains a(an) ___ concentration of solutes.

hypertonic; higher

Saline for an IV is an example of a ___ solution.

isotonic

Maple syrup doesn’t need to be refrigerated because it is a ___ solution which would cause cells to lose their water to

the solution, causing cellular dehydration and death.

hypertonic

Which of the following is correct regarding the laws of energy?

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.

Entropy is a term used to indicate the relative amount of ___.

disorganization

The amount of energy needed to raise one gram of water one degree Celsius is called ___.

a calorie.

Identify the incorrect statement.

ATP consists of adenine, a sugar, and two phosphates

ATP is a good source of energy for a cell because

it releases energy when its phosphate bonds are broken.

Energy for ATP is stored and released by the addition or release of ___.

the third phosphate groups from the molecule

A series of reactions in which the product of one reaction becomes the substrate of the next reaction is a(an)

metabolic pathway.

A(an) ___ reaction releases energy by breaking large molecules down into smaller ones, and a(an) ___ reaction requires

energy to build smaller molecules into larger molecules.

catabolic; anabolic

In the induced fit model of enzyme action,

the enzyme changes shape slightly to accommodate the substrate

Enzymes catalyze reactions by

lowering the activation energy required for the reaction.

The active site of an enzyme

part of the enzyme where its substrate can fit

Photosynthesis is a(an) ___ reaction, and cellular respiration is a(an) ___ reaction.

anabolic, catabolic

What are the components for the chemical equations for photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

water, carbon dioxide, glucose, oxygen, and energy

The raw materials for photosynthesis are ___.

carbon dioxide and water

During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is ___ and water is ___.

reduced, oxidized

When electrons in the reaction center of PS II are passed to an energy-acceptor molecule, they are replaced by electrons

that have been given up by ___

water

During the light reactions of photosynthesis, ATP is produced when hydrogen ions move

down a concentration gradient from the thylakoid space to the stroma