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syndesmology
the study of articulations between bones
joint
articulations between bones
simple joint
two articulating bones : shoulder joint
compound joint
two or more articulating bones : stifle
fibrous joint
united by fibrous tissue, no joint cavity
cartilaginous joint
united by cartilage, little to no joint cavity
synovial joint
united by a joint capsule, freely movable
syndesmosis
joint that permits only slight movement (fibrous)
suture joint
between bones of the skull (fibrous)
gomphosis joint
articulation of teeth in their sockets (fibrous)
periodontium
collagenous tissues and fibroblasts that join the tooth to the socket
cartilage
special type of connective tissue that is firmer than fibrous tissue but not as hard as bone
synchondrosis
immovable joint, uniting medium is hyaline cartilage, union of diaphysis and epiphysis of an immature bone (cartilaginous joint)
symphyses
united by flattened disks of fibrocartilage, between adjacent pelvic bones and bodies of adjacent vertebrae and stenebrae (cartilaginous joint)
what can replace symphyses with age
bone
synovial joints
articular surfaces, cartilage, cavity, a joint capsule, ligaments
what is the most common type of joint
synovial
articular surface of synovial joint
specialized layers of compact bone on the surfaces that articulate with other bones
articular cartilage of synovial joint
layer of hyaline cartilage covering the articular surface
articular cavity of synovial joint
space between the adjacent bones of the joint surrounded by the joint capsule, often called potential space
joint effusion
expansion of space due to inflammation with accumulation of fluid
what two layers make the joint capsule
outer fibrous layer (fibrous capsule) and inner delicate layer (synovial membrane)
fibrous capsule
may be thickened in certain areas to form the extracapsular ligaments that connect adjacent bones and help stabilize the joint
synovial membrane
specialized connective tissue, extend from the edges of the articular cartilages of the adjacent bones but not covering the articular cartilage, secretes synovial fluid
how is surface area of synovial membrane increased
folds that project into the joint cavity
villi
project into the joint cavity
primary purposes of synovial fluid
lubrication of joint surfaces, provision of a nutritional source for cartilage, removal of waste products from the joint
synovial fluid
normal joint has minimal, accumulation or change is indicative of pathology present, can be removed for analysis, colorless and very light yellow, viscous quality
ligaments
connective tissue bands that extend from bone to bone
intracapsular ligaments
found within joints and surrounded by synovial membrane : cruciate ligametns
extracapsular ligaments
external to the joint capsule include: collateral ligaments, dorsal and palmar ligaments, annular ligaments
collateral ligaments
medial and lateral aspects of the joint
dorsal and palmar ligaments
in front of and behind joint
annular ligaments
surround joint, fibers circle the joint
menisci
fibrocartilage disks interposed between the surfaces of some joints, truly intracapsular, found in TMJ and stifle
functions of mensicus
distrubutes compressive stress during weight bearing activities, augments joint stability
flexion
decreases angle between 2 bones making up the joint
extension
increases angle between 2 bones making up the joint
hyperextension
increases angle between 2 bones to greater than 180
adduction
movement toward median line
abduction
movement away from median line
rotation
twisting of a segment on its own segment or axis (shaking head)
circumduction
movement of an extremity to outline a cone
pronation
turning dorsal surface up
supination
turning dorsal surface down
ginglymus (hinge) joint
move only in sagittal plane (fetlock)
spheroid (ball and socket) joint
move in nearly any direction (hip)
saddle joint
all movement except rotation (carpometacarpal joint in human thumb)
temporomandibular joint
between madible and temporal bone of skull
atlanto-occipital joint
between 1st cervical vertebrae and occipital bone
atlanto-axial joint
between 1st and 2nd cervical vertebrae (atlas and axis)
joints of axial skeleton
intervertebal disk, flexible enough to permit some bending and twisting in any direction, fibrocartilaginous, cervical good movement, thorasic decreased movement, and lumbar good movement
scapula
no bony connection to thorax, synasarcosis (muscles and ligaments), scapulohumeral joint
what are the joints of appendicular skeleton
scapula, shoulder, elbow, carpus, fetlock, pastern, coffin joint
elbow
radius, ulna, humerous
carpus
radiocarpal joint, midcarpal joint, carpometacarpal joint
fetlock
metacarpophalangeal joint (fore) metatarsophalangeal joint (rear)
pastern
proximal interphalangeal joint
coffin
distal interphangeal joint
hind limb joints
sacroliliac joint, coxofemoral joint, stifle joint, tarsus (hock)
sacroiliac joint
mobility progressively diminished as matures, sacrum held tight to wing of the ilium by ligaments, may become more mobile at parturition, can be partially separated by fall or trauma
coxofemoral joint
best example of spheroid joint, head of femur fits into acetabulum of the os coxae, movement in nearly all directions
stifle joint
condyles of distal femur patella and proximal tibia, femoral condyles separated from tibia by menisci, stabilized by collateral and cruciate ligaments, patella sesamoid bone
tarsus (hock)
composite joint, common calceaneal tendon (achilles tendon)
pathology of joints
developmental problems, degenerative problems (osteoarthritis), inflammation (non-infection and infectious), trauma
luxation
dislocation
osteoarthritis
usually accompanies developmental problems, degenerative joint disease, treated with nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs
what are the 3 types of muscle tissue
skeletal, smooth, cardiac
skeletal muscle voluntary moves what
limbs, trunk, and head
skeletal muscle
most famliar as “meat”, cells (fibers) grouped into “organs” of variable size, individual muscles usually attached to bones with voluntary control by animal
what describes how skeletal muscle look
striated with multiple nuclei
smooth muslce
involuntary or unstriated muscle, cells have NO striations, found in systems with autonic functions
smooth muscle is a major component of organs of what
digestive system, urogenital system, blood vessels
contraction of smooth muscles
does not require stimulation by nerve and is regulated by autonomic nervous system
cardiac muscle
visible striations and contracts intrinsically, restricted to heart, constitutes most of the thickness of the wall, rhythmic contraction = circulation of blood
what is the function of the muscular system
contraction, relaxation is “passive”, functions based on contraction of muscle fibers
smooth muscles in stomach and intestines contract to
mix and propel food along GI tract
blood vessels
control distribution of blood
eye
adjust pupil and thickness of lens
skin
piloerection aka hair stands up
skeletal muscle functions
permit locomotion to change position of bones (maintain joint angle against gravity), respiration (move air in out by changing volume), heat production or shivering (brief contraction of muscles in body)
endomysium
between individual muscle fibers
perimysium
sheath surrounding bundles
epimysium
around entire muscle, deep fascia of the muscle
skeletal muscular arrangement
parallel sheets, narrow bands, fusiform muscles, pennate
parallel sheets
abdominal muscles, provides greatest potential for overall muscle shortening but weak
narrow bands
sartorius muscles of medial thigh, muscles fibers in these “strap muscles” parallel to one another
fusiform muscles
biceps brachii
pennate
penniform or feather like, tendon represent a “quill” for muscles attaching to a tendon, increased power but reduced distance over which it can contract
fleshy attachment
appears to arise directly from bone, really attach to short tendons: attached to periosteum or penetrate bone surface for short distance
tendons
fibrous bands of collagen connect muscles to bone, composed of dense regular connective tissue in parallel bundles, most are cords or bands attach spindle shape or pennate muscles to bone, other are flat sheets (aponeuroses) usually associated with flat muscles
muscular attachments
most muscles attach to two bones, some to soft tissue, less movable attachment = origin, more movable attachment = insertion, extremities origin = proximal and insertion = distal, muscle can only contract →bring one or both bones to move, some muscles have distinctive divisions,
functional grouping of muscles
decreasing
extensor
muscle on opposite side
adductors
tend to pull limb toward medial plane
abductors
tend to move limb away from medial plane
gastrocnemius
flexor of the stifle, extensor for the hock
sphincter
muscles encircle opening (smooth or striated)
pyloric sphincter
between stomach and small intestine
cutaneous muscles
in superfical fascia between skin and deep fascia covering skeletal muscles, attach to ski = responsible for skin movement