Casework (CQA Reference)

Person, Problem, Place, Process

Components of Casework

Person

It refers to a person, family, group or community as the focus of worker's helping activity

Problem

An unmeet need, which hampers or undermine a person's adequate living.

Place

Agency who employs a professional representative.

Process

Problem Solving Process

Helping Relationship

CASEWORK (Esther Villoria)

A helping process consists of variety of activities – giving of material assistance – referral to other community facilities – rendering emotional and psychological support

CASEWORK (Smalley, 1967)

A method of engaging a client through relationship process, essentially one on one , in the use of social service towards his/her own and the general social welfare

CASEWORK (de Guzman, 1983)

Method of social work intervention used to address problems of social functioning for which a person experiences discomfort and needs professional help so as to be able to cope

CASEWORK (de Guzman, 1983)

A method of helping people solve their own problems (personal, as well as external and environmental problems) A method of helping through a relationship that taps personal and other resources for coping with problems

CASE MANAGEMENT

way of delivering services where SWr assumes responsibility for assessing with a client what services he/she needs, and helps obtain those services for the client (Mendoza, 2008)

CASE MANAGEMENT

A service delivery system that organize, coordinates, and sustains a network of formal and informal supports and activities designed to optimize the functioning and wellbeing of people with multiple needs (Moxley, 1989)

CASE WORK RELATIONSHIP

The relationship is the dynamic interaction and psychological interplay both between the worker and the client with their particular attitudes and feelings in a particular situation

SOCIAL FUNCTIONING

The relation/result between coping activity of people and the demand from the environment (Bartlett, 1970)

SOCIAL FUNCTIONING

The interaction between the individual and his situation or environment (Mendoza, 2003:73)

SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT

A network of overlapping social systems and social institutions, including ecological systems, cultures and institutions

SOCIAL SITUATION

A smaller, more immediate environment that has “meaning for the individual and that is uniquely perceived and interpreted by him/her,

SOCIAL ROLE

Socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of persons who

occupy a certain social position or belong to a particular social category

WALK-IN, REFFERED/INVOLUNTARY, OUTREACH

TYPOLOGY OF CLIENT

WALK-IN

the client initiate the contact

REFFERED/INVOLUNTARY

The client is referred by some concerned individual

OUTREACH

The agency reaches out to the client through the social worker.

Person’s motivation to change, Person’s opportunity for change, Person’s capacity to change

ELEMENTS OF CHANGE FOR CLIENTS

Person’s capacity to change

the qualities and personality make-up of intellectual and physical endowment. The internal resources of the client – physical, emotional, psychological or intellectual fitness

Person’s opportunity for change

the conditions of the environment; the availability of recourses and services needed to effect change.

Person’s motivation to change

Client’s willingness to be involved in the helping relationship and participate in the helping process

INTERPERSONAL CONFLICT

DISSATISFACTION IN SOCIAL RELATIONS

INADEQUATE RESOURCES

DIFFICULTIES IN ROLE PERFORMANCE

PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL TRANSITION

CATEGORIES OF PROBLEMS

INTERPERSONAL CONFLICT

involves individuals having difficulty relating to each other, interpersonal conflicts may also involve both communication and behavior-problem may exist regarding how information is conveyed and receive between two people.

DISSATISFACTION IN SOCIAL RELATIONS

one may feel unable to get as close to others as she would like or one may feel that lack of assertiveness prevents his needs from being met.

INADEQUATE RESOURCES

reflects a deprivation of basic needs be due to poverty, may also refer to lack resources or services available to the client.

DIFFICULTIES IN ROLE PERFORMANCE

a difficul ty in role performance can best be distinguished from interpersonal conflict by the fact that role performance is more one-sided.

PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL TRANSITION

clients may experience difficulty dealing with some major changes in their lives, i.e., divorce, having a baby, moving to a new locale, etc.

Presenting Problem, Immediate Problem, Underlying Problem, Working problem

Problem in Frames of Reference

Presenting Problem

It is a problem that is a threat to the client’s or others’ welfare, and usually stated or presented as it is being perceived or experienced by the client.

Immediate Problem

The problem about which the client is most concerned about. (usually the presenting problem, but not always)

Underlying Problem

The overall situation that is created that tends to perpetuate the immediate problem.

Working problem.

These are contributory factors that stand in the way of both remedy and prevention and must be dealt with if change is to take place.

Place

A structure by which it organizes and delegates responsibility and tasks, with governing policies and procedures that stabilizes and systematizes its operations

Place

Employs staff to carry out its functions; social worker represents both the agency and the profession

PROBLEM SOLVING PROCESS

Essentially a cognitive process, a rational procedure involving series of steps to be followed sequentially.

SOCIAL WORK HELPING PROCESS

Is not just a cognitive process since it involves a relationship between 2 parties (C-W system). •Professional values and ethical principles guide this relationship •Each phase/stage requires the application and use of necessary knowledge and skills to effectively assist the clients in their respective problems

Helen Harris Perlman

She described the social work process as a progressive transaction between the professional helper and the client, consisting of a series of problem- solving operations

1. STUDY

2. DIAGNOSIS

3. TREATMENT

STEPS IN PROBLEM SOLVING

ASSESSMENT

“A process and a product of understanding on which action is based.” (Max Siporin ).

ASSESSMENT

Purpose: to provide understanding necessary for appropriate planning.

ASSESSMENT

Process : involves the collection of necessary information and its analysis and interpretation in order to reach an understanding of the client, the problem, and the social context in which it exists.

BIOPSYCHO-SOCIAL ASSESSMENT

is used to denote a more holistic, inclusive and comprehensive view of the inter relationship of the multiple facets of the client’s life and understanding of the person in context.

1. information or data-gathering, and 2.problem definition or simply, the problem for-work;

The major tasks during assessment

PARSIMONY

PRINCIPLES IN DATA GATHERING

PARSIMONY

SWr collects only those data/information that has relevance to the situation at hand and is essential to the formulation of valid working judgments.

E c o l o g i c a l M a p

It is a diagram that shows the social and personal relationships of an individual with his or her environment.

Genogram

A graphical representation of a person’s family relationship and history.

Problem Tree

It is a tool of analysis that illustrates the linkages between a set of complex issues in a hierarchy of related factors highlighting a focal problem and the cause & effect relationship between several factors

Intake Process

Marks the official start of the helping relationship and may be accomplished in one or more session with client.

Intake Process

Process by which a potential client achieves the status of a client.

Partialization

Refers to the process of separating from so many problems identified by the client and/or worker the specific problem or problems which are to become the focus of the helping relationship.

Prioritization

Problem taking precedence over other problems because of its importance Identification of which problems need to be addresses first, and consideration of the problems in order of importance

Partialization and Prioritization

Techniques in Problem Definition

OPENING CAUSAL STATEMENT

this requires the worker to clearly indicate who’s has the problem, and why the problem exists at the time.

CHANGE POTENTIAL STATEMENT

a statement- a problem’s change potential is dependent on three interdependent factors: problem, person and environment.

JUDGMENT

about the seriousness or urgency of the problem.

PLANNING

The link between Assessment & Intervention.

PLANNING

It translates the content of assessment into a goal statement that describes the desired results, and is also concerned with identifying the means to reach the goals.

GOAL SETTING and PLANNING INTERVENTIONS

Two major tasks are involved in the planning stage

PLANNING INTERVENTIONS

defining the specific actions or interventions that are necessary in order to achieve the goals.

GOAL SETTING

formulating goals that directly relate to the client’s need or problem

GOALS

They are the desired or expected outcomes of an endeavor.

HELPING CONTRACT

sets the expectations and terms of the commitments and obligations of both client and worker, which are often clearly spelled out.

HELPING CONTRACT

Can be written or verbal agreements/contracts

STRATEGY

Is defined as “an overall approach to change a situation.”

INTERVENTION

action/, plan implementation or treatment, it is concerned with action that would solve the client’s problems.

INTERVENTION

rendering of all the specific and interrelated services appropriate to the given problem situation in the light of the assessment and planning.

INTERVENTIVE ROLES

refer to the composite of activities or tasks that the social worker is expected to undertake in order to accomplish the goals agreed upon with the client.

Enabler, Resource Mobilizer, Social Broker, Counselor/Therapist, Mediator, Advocate

INTERVENTIVE ROLES IN DIRECT PRACTICE

Mobilizer of Community Elite, Documenter/Social Critique, Policy/Program Change Advocate

INDIRECT INTERVENTIVE ROLES

Policy/Program Change Advocate

worker is involved in efforts to change policies and programs on behalf of particular sectors of the population based on the values of profession.

Documenter/Social Critique

worker documents the need for more adequate social welfare policies and programs based on her knowledge about the inadequacies on deficiencies in these existing welfare policies and programs

Mobilizer of Community Elite

involves the worker in activities aimed at informing and interpreting to certain sectors of the community, welfare programs and services as well as need and problems, with the objectives or enlisting their support and/or involvement in them

EVALUATION

The “collection of data about outcomes of a program of action relative to goals and objectives set in advance of the implementation of that program.”

ON-GOING EVALUATION -

evaluation is a continual process where the worker keeps on gathering data which she uses in an ongoing reassessment of objectives, intervention plans, and even the definition of the problem.

TERMINAL EVALUATION

evaluation undertaken before ending a helping relationship.

FORMATIVE EVALUATION and SUMMATIVE EVALUATION

EVALUATION MODELS

FORMATIVE EVALUATION

Evaluation that is concerned with looking at the process of the work.

SUMMATIVE EVALUATION

Evaluation that is concerned with outcomes or effectiveness.

Conceptual level

what the SWr agreed to do by way of a plan in order to achieve goals, which is usually in written form

Operational level

what the SWr actually does, the activities she and the client engage in to accomplish the goals

ACCOUNTABILITY

Another very important reason for doing evaluation is because social workers and social work agencies must answer for their work, not just to the clients who are the direct users, but to the public that supports them.

effectiveness and efficiency

two aspects of accountability:

efficiency

which refers to the cost of services and intervention plans in money, time, and other resources.

effectiveness

which refers to the question on whether or not the services or intervention plans are accomplishing their intended goals;

(1)direct practice with clients, and

(2)program implementation

Evaluation in social work is done on two levels:

TERMINATION

A social work problem-solving relationship does not go on forever . I t should be made clear to the client that disengagement is the natural conclusion to such a relationship, regardless of the nature of the client’s problem.

TERMINATION

This task occurs at the end of the professional worker-client relationship

GOAL OF TERMINATION

to “empower the client system” means that the clients will learn to use his/her own resources (instead of those of the SWr/Agency) to manage future difficulties the client may encounter

Dis-engagement, Stabilization of change, and Evaluation

Components of Termination

Depression and Acceptance

Components of Termination: Dis-engagement

Acceptance

The client manifests an increase in energy, and is able to talk about the good and the bad times and to think about the future.

Depression

Listlessness, little energy, withdrawal, sadness, helplessness, despair, absence of motivation to go on are the manifestations of depression. The clients pain is real and evident.

stabili ty and permanence

Components of Termination: Stabilization of change

PERIODIC and TERMINAL

Components of Termination: Evaluation