THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

STUDY

The first Industrial Revolution had given rise to

textiles, railroads, and iron.

In the Second Industrial Revolution,_____________________________________________________ led the way to new industrial frontiers.

steel, chemicals, and electricity

Henry Bessemer patented a new process for making high-quality steel efficiently and cheaply known a

the Bessemer process.

Steel soon replaced iron and was used in the building of

lighter, smaller, and faster machine and engines.

The Bessemer process was used in

in railways, ships, and weapons.

Electricity was a

valuable new form of energy.

Electricity was converted into other energy forms, such as

heat, light, and motion, and moved easily through wires.

hydroelectric power stations and coal-fired, steam-generating plants connected

homes and factories to a common source of power.

Homes and cities began to have electric lights when

Thomas Edison in the United States and Joseph Swan in Great Britain created the lightbulb.

Alexander Graham Bell invented the

telephone

Guglielmo Marconi sent the first radio waves across the

the Atlantic Ocean.

Thomas Edison career as an inventor began with

his training to be a telegrapher.

Edison was instrumental in bringing electricity into people's homes. Ultimately, he held

1,094 patents a world record.

With electric lights, factories could

remain open 24 hours a day.

The development of the internal-combustion engine, fired by oil and gasoline

, provided a new source of power in transportation.

internal-combustion engine gave rise to

ocean liners with oil-fired engines, as well as to the airplane and the automobile.

Orville and Wilbur Wright made the first flight in a

fixed-wing plane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.

WILBUR WRIGHT ;ORVILLE WRIGHT the two brothers opened

a print shop

WILBUR WRIGHT (1867-1912) ORVILLE WRIGHT (1871-1948)

They also opened a bicycle shop and began building bicycles of their own design.

The money from the Wilbur brothers two businesses paid for the

construction of aircraft as they experimented with flight.

Wages for workers

increased after 1870.

because of mass production, prices for manufactured…

goods were lower

One of the biggest reasons for more efficient production was

the assembly line.

The assembly line allowed for a…

much more efficient mass production of goods.

Were made possible by the steel and electrical industries….

goods-clocks, bicycles, electric lights, and typewriters, for example-

The assembly line and mass production led to

a process called "division of labor"

While division of labor allowed workers to become more specialized it also meant that the

factory workers performed became increasingly repetitive. Work schedules became regimented and standardized, based around a shift system.

Europeans were receiving beef and wool from

Argentina and Australia, coffee from Brazil, iron ore from Algeria, and sugar from Java.

• Revisionist Marxist=

• negotiation

With its capital, industries, and military might,

Europe dominated the world economy

Second Industrial Revolution, the economic system of

industrial capitalism had become the dominant economic system.

Working and living conditions led many industrial workers to form

socialist political parties and socialist trade unions.

One form of Marxist socialism was eventually called

communism.

The Communist Manifesto was published. It was written by

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, who were app

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, who were appalled at

the horrible conditions in the industrial factories.

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels blamed the system of

industrial capitalism for the horrible working conditions.

The Communist Manifesto discussed the history of

class struggle, promoting a classless society and the downfall of capitalism.

Marx saw this struggle as a battle between the

"haves" (oppressor) and the "have nots" (oppressed)

According to Marx, oppressor and oppressed have always

"stood in constant opposition to one another."

the oppressors-owned the means of

production, such as land, raw materials, and money. They controlled government and society.

-the oppressed-owned

nothing and depended on the owners of the means of production.

The bourgeoisie-the middle class—

were the oppressed or oppressors???

were the oppressors.

Marx predicted that the struggle between the two groups would finally lead to a revolution. The proletariat would

violently overthrow the bourgeoisie.

Marx believed the final revolution would

ultimately produce a classless society.

In time, working-class leaders formed

socialist parties based on Marx's ideas.

Most important was the German…

Social Democratic Party (SPD),

German Social Democratic Party advocated revolution while organizing itself into a

mass political party that competed in elections for the German parliament.

Pure Marxists thought that capitalism could be

defeated only by a violent revolution.

• pure Marxist=

• violent revolution

Another force working for evolutionary, rather than revolutionary,

socialism was the trade union, or labor union.

To protest these conditions and fight for improvements workers organized in a

union and began strikes.

Gaining the right to strike became an important part of the

trade union and labor movements.

At first, laws were passed that made strikes

illegal under any circumstances.

in Great Britain, unions won the

right to strike in the 1870s.

Robert Owen advocated utopian socialism in which members of small communities

cooperated to create a workable society.

Owen worked for widespread social reform, leading

labor unions across England. His philosophy emphasized education

city governments created

boards of health to improve housing quality.

A public campaign in Frankfurt, Germany, featured the slogan

"from the toilet to the river in half an hour."

Lack of rural Jobs:

-Large migration to the cities

-Crowded living quarters

-Epidemics

-Creation of boards of health

-More effective sewage systems

European society stood a wealthy elite made up 5 percent of the population but controlled from

30 to 40 percent of the wealth

The Second Industrial Revolution produced a new group of

white-collar workers.

The diverse Middle class

lawyers, doctors, members of the civil service, business managers, engineers, architects, accountants, and chemists. shopkeepers, traders, and prosperous farmers.

Many in the working class had found employment as wage laborers in

factories, mills, and other industrial centers.

These immigrants left their homes to escape

poverty, war, religious persecution, and restrictions on their social classes.

This decline was tied to improved economic

conditions and increased use of birth control.

The efforts of the British nurse Florence Nightingale, combined with those of Clara Barton in the U.S. Civil War, transformed nursing into a

profession of trained, middle-class "women in white."

suffragists, had one basic aim:

the right of women to full citizenship in the nation-state

The Women's Social and Political Union, founded in..

1903 by Emmeline Pankhurst

The women’s social pelted government officials with eggs,

chained themselves to lampposts, and smashed department store windows.

Boys and girls between the ages of 6 and 12 were required to…

attend these schools.