Energy Concentrates in Animal Nutrition

Vocabulary flashcards on energy concentrates and their characteristics for animal nutrition, based on lecture notes.

Energy Concentrates

Feed ingredients with high energy content, containing less than 20% crude protein and less than 18% crude fiber.

Carbonaceous Concentrates

High energy feeds, contain less than 20% Crude Protein and less than 18% Crude Fiber.

General Nutritive Characteristics of Energy Concentrates

High in energy (TDN or NE), low in fiber, variable in protein quality, low in certain vitamins (D, A, Riboflavin, B12, Pantothenic acid), fair in Vitamin E, and high in Niacin (unavailable to pigs).

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolour)

Drought-resistant grain, lower in energy than maize, requires processing to enhance digestibility. Contains TDN (68-75%), CP (8.6-12.5%), CF (2.5-4.8%), Ca (0.3-0.9%), and P (2.7-4.12%). Some varieties have high tannin content, influencing palatability and reducing protein digestibility.

Maize (Zea mays)

Most common grain in animal diets, high in energy (80% TDN) and thiamine, fair in phosphorus but low in calcium, low in crude protein (8-9%) and deficient in lysine, tryptophan, vitamin D, riboflavin, and pantothenic acid.

Millet (Pennisetum coracana)

Species of cereals producing small grains, variable in composition, comparable in nutritive value to oats, contains a high percentage of indigestible fiber, usually ground for feeding to animals other than poultry.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Contains 12-14% crude protein and 80% TDN, generally too expensive for livestock diets, a good feed but packs in the stomach, may form up to 70% of poultry diets, high levels may be included in pig diets.

Molasses

By-product of sugar processing containing 55-70% TDN and 3-7% CP (mostly NPN), readily available energy source, palatable, often used as a pellet binder. Commonly fed to ruminants or horses at levels of 3 -7% of the ration.

Maize and Cob Meal

Made up of whole ears of maize (cob and grain) ground to varying degrees of fineness. Contains 73% TDN and 7-8% CP. An excellent feed for finishing ruminants. Generally not fed to swine or poultry

Oats (Avena sativa)

65-70% TDN and 12% CP, normally only used for ruminants and horses, low in energy (11-12 MJ/kg DM) and high in fiber (12.1%) hence seldom used for pigs or poultry. Protein quality is better than for other cereals.

Barley (Hordeum sativum)

Traditionally considered to be particularly suitable for pig feeding; contains appropriate amounts of both fibre and oil associated with the production of saturated carcass fat; contains 11-12% CP and 70-75% TDN; low in protein quality (deficient in lysine)

Rice (Oryza sativa)

Main cereal crop of the Asian continent; high in TDN (65-75%) but low in CP (7.5%); low in EE (1.6-2.3%)

Rye (Secale cereale)

75% TDN and 12% CP; the least palatable of all the Cereals; should be restricted to less than 40% of ruminant diets

Triticale

78% TDN and 15% CP; a hybrid derived from a cross between Wheat and Rye; contains higher quality protein than other cereals; limited to less than 50% of livestock rations

Dried Beet Pulp

Residue from sugar beet processing; packs 65 - 70% TDN and 8 -10% C.P.; should not replace more than 15 - 20 % of the grain in the ration

Dried Citrus Pulp

Coarse flaky product prepared from the residue resulting from the manufacture of citrus juices; similar in feed value to dried sugar beet pulp, but has a lower protein content (5 - 8%)

Animal Fat

Obtained from the tissues of animals in the commercial extraction processes; increasing the energy value of the feed; decreasing dustiness in feeds; improving the texture and palatability