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Define cultural diversity
the existnce of a variety of cultural or ethnic groups within a society
define diaspora
a group of people with similar heritage/ homeland who have settled elsewhere in the world
define economic inequality
the difference between levels of living standards, incom etc. across the whole economic distribution
define social segregation
when groups of people live apart from the larger population due to factors such as wealth, ethnicity, religion, or age
define urban social exclusion
economic and social problems faced by residents in areas of multiple deprivation
Economic Inequality
in Mumbai
through housing
Antilla, the world's most expensive house at $1 billion, towers over the slum area od Byculla where people survive on less than $2/ day
wealthier peolpe can choose where to live, paying extra for houses far from poor areas, whilst poorer people don't have much of a choice
how does gentrification lead to economic divisions
house prices increase rapidly, pricing out poorer people -> increasing economic and social division as existing communities feel powerless to influence changes
Shoreditch - HQs coming in, property prices increased 12x
What is the London Living Wage
Reflects the higher cost of living in London so its currently at £13.85 vs £12.60 in the rest of UK
What is the benefits of LLW in tackling poverty and inequality:
The general cost of living in London is higher so the LLW is higher. Tis means that workers have higher annual earnings -> income boost
The LLW sets a wage standard so workers have to earn above the poverty lin
Less people would rely on state benefits
What is the limitations of LLW in tackling poverty and inequality:
The increase in mimumum wage is voluntary, meaning that not every business is willing to pay it
So some businesses may struggle to meet the LLW it could lead to less job opportunities and reducesd working hours
Smaller businesses could struggle to increase wage for its workers
What is the benefits of Education in tackling poverty and inequality
More people have the skills required for better-paying jobs so people from disadvantaged backgrounds can also get really good paying jobs
If more people have a better education, they would have higher-paying jobs, and if the whole country raises its education levels, then could potentially reduce inequality and poverty
What is the limitations of Education in tackling poverty and inequality
Access to high-quality education is unequal, especially in lower income areas, which leads to achievement gaps based on education
Due to the high cost of going to university many people are discouraged however its becoming easier to get student loans but it takes ages to repay
It could be that wealthier families have more access to opportunities, whilst poorer peopole have less, widening the gap between the rich and poor
The problem with affordable housing
Section 106 - trying to integrate affordable housing - but in practise doesn't work
Affordable housing is relative to that area - eg in an area where houses are worth $2mil, affordable would count as $1mil, which obviously isn't affordable
There is social segregation as well.
eg in an apartment building, the normal entrance would be luxurious whilst the 'affordable' would be a side door. in the same building those who have affordble housing won't be able to have access to the same things as the wealthier people do - segregation even in the same building
What is the Index of Multiple Deprivation?
How are they ordered?
Its organised across 7 distinct domains of deprivation which are combined
Income: 22.5%
Employment: 22.5%
Education: 13.5%
Health: 13.5%
Crime: 9.3%
Barriers to Housing & Services: 9.3%
Living Environment: 9.3%
Where were the most deprived areas in England?
98% of the most deprived areas were in cities
What areas of ldn are becoming less deprived and why?
Hackney, Tower Hamlets, Newham - gentrification responsible for this change
Distribution of deprivation in the UK
lowest deprivation is in just South-West of London near Guildford, and around the suburbs of major cities
highest deprivation is in the East Midlands and in the centre of Major cities, and near coasts
Distribution of deprivation in London
lowest deprivation is in South-West London - Wandsworth, Richmond
highest deprivation is in East London - Newham, Croydon, Brent
What are the reasons behing coastal deprivation?
The industry at the coast is traditionally fishing and trade which was done by boats but trade is no longer being done that way
Coastal erosion and flooding also discourages people from wanting to live there
Tourism also has seasonal employment and is unrealiable
How are people excluded form full participation in society
If they live in a more deprived area, there may not be good schools/ jobs so they need to commute and travel far. However cars are expensive and there may not be good transport in that area, so they are excluded. There could also be language barriers.
Facts that highlight the diversity of England and Wales
In 2021, England and Wales, 10% of households had members identifying with 2+ ethnic groups (increase from 8.75 in 2011)
The 2nd most high level ethnic group was Asian - 9.3% of total population
Why is there greater cultural diversity in cities?
Percieved better quality of life
Cities are the first point of entry into a city so more people settle there
Better access to quality services - healthcare, education
Already established areas of diaspora
More cultural opportunities - mroe shops that will sell certain foods (kosher, halal) - more places of worship
Economic and job opportunities - TNCs, trade
How is language a challenge associated with cultural diversity
Not being able to speak the same language as others, more opportunities are cut off, such as not being able to get the best jobs and being able to speak to less people. Not being able to communicate with others makes it harder to integrate into society.
If people can't get the healthcare they need, there may be problems with health in certain groups of people who speak the same language.
Challenges accosiated with cultural diversity
Different religions/ customs also can be a challenge eg in homecountry a society may 'revolve' around that religion and going someplace new is such a big adjustment
Different cultural calendars - events may not be celebrated fully or clash with school holidays
Discrimination
Reasons for self-segregation
Migrants seek the support and security of living near friends and relatives within a minority ethnic community
Provision of specialist facilities such as places of worship and food shops
Reasons for segregation due to external factors
Migrants have been a source of cheap labour, forcing them into areas of cheap housing
Hostility from the majority of the population
Movement of the majority population out of the area into which minority populations have moved - often referred to as 'white flight'
Minority ethnic groups have been discriminated against in access to local authority housing.
Protection against racial abuse and attacks from the majority population (leading to self-segregation)
Cultural Diversity in Johannesburg
Location
located on the Witwatersrand, a series of rocky ridges where gold was discovered
residential zones separated in terms of affluence - north and south
Cultural Diversity in Johannesburg
Deprivation of Area
areas like Soweto suffered from extreme poverty, inadequate housing and neglect from the government
parts of the inner city, Hillbrow, deteriorated into slums due to overcrowding, crime
Cultural Diversity in Johannesburg
Proof of Diversity
black population grew from 40% in 1948 to 72% by 2000
Cultural Diversity in Johannesburg
Demographics of the area:
percent of ethnicity?
where to new migrants settle?
In 2000, the population was 72% black, 17.8% white, 6.5% coloured, 3.7% Asian
New migrants often settle in informal settlements on the edge of the city, such as Diepsloot and Orange Farm
Cultural Diversity in Johannesburg
Challenges in the area
Due to the Apartheid, decades of institutionalized segregation confined black populations to under-resourced areas
There is a housing shortage - state-subsidised housing ended in the 1960s which makes housing less affordable
High unemployment and limited job opportunities in more deprived areas
Inner city neglect due to white flight, overcrowding, and high demand for housing by lower-income populations
Cultural Diversity in Johannesburg
what are the effects of these challenges?
Growth of informal settlements and slums in the inner city
High levels of poverty, social exclusion and unemployment
Limited access to services - poor living conditions, lower quality of life
Cultural Diversity in Johannesburg
Solutions
The city aims to formalise and relocate informal settlements and provide basic services to them
Refurbishing residential blocks, converting office spaces into flats, improving public infrastructure like lighting and landscaping
Trying to attract private investment in the inner city to reverse its decline
Socioeconomic mixing - black middle class families moving into former white suburbs
Why does the way waste is dealt with matter?
As waste decomposes, it emits methane (ghg)
Costs huge amount of money to deal with waste
Landfill space is running out
Poor working conditions, usually informal sector
Health problems if waste is untreated (cholera)
