A&P Lecture Chapter 13-15: Female Reproductive System + Embryonic Development + Pregnancy & Lactation

1. The female reproductive system has ____ changes

2. There is a ____ day menstrual cycle, which starts at ____ and stop at ____

1. Cyclic

2. 28, puberty, menopause

The first menstruation is called:

Menarche

There is no more menstruation at menopause because:

All the ovarian follicles have been used up

Human females are born with a fixed number of ____, which is ____

Primordial follicles, 400,000

At birth, ____ contain primary oocyte

Primordial follicles

1. At birth, ____ has started developing and dividing by ____ and has arrested in ____

2. At puberty ( = when menstruation begins), the primary oocyte ____ to make the secondary oocyte which will arrest in ____

1. Primary oocyte, meiosis I, prophase I of meiosis I

2. Completes meiosis I, metaphase II of meiosis II

The secondary oocyte is the one that is:

Discharged at ovulation

The secondary oocyte is a:

Haploid

1. The ____ arrests in metaphase II of meiosis II

2. Meiosis II is completed when the ____

1. Secondary oocyte

2. Sperm enters

1. The ____ is as old as the person

2. If a person has a child when they're older, the child may have some abnormalities such as ____ because their ____ is as old as them

1. Secondary oocyte

2. Down syndrome, egg

Sperms are ____ as the person because they are made ____

Not as old, daily

Female internal genitalia include:

Ovaries (2), uterus (1), uterine tubes (2), vagina (1)

The ovaries and uterus are in the ____ cavity

Pelvic

Female external genitalia are collectively called:

Vulva

Female external genitalia include:

Mons pubis, labia minor, labia majora, clitoris, vestibule, bartholin's glands ( = greater vestibular glands), vulva

Mons pubis:

Fat covering the pubic area

Clitoris:

Erectile tissue

Vestibule:

Triangular space of urethral and vaginal openings

Bartholin's glands ( = greater vestibular glands):

Secretes a viscous substance that contain mucus and glycoproteins at the time of sexual excitement that drain into the vagina

Sometimes the bartholin's glands can get ____, which may need medical attention because the cysts can get ____ or ____

Cysts, inflamed, blocked

The uterus is ____ to the sigmoid colon and ____ to the urinary bladder

Anterior, superior

The uterus is ____ and ____

Hollow, anteverted ( = anteflexed)

1. Sometimes the uterus becomes ____, meaning it projects into the vagina

2. This occurs for ____ or because of ____

1. Retroverted

2. Older women, multiple pregnancies

The uterus is ____ long, ____ wide, and ____ thick in a non-pregnant person

3 inches, 2 inches, 1.5 inches

During pregnancy, at full-term, the uterus has a volume of ____

5 liters

1. The uterus is made of ____ muscles which can ____

2. The smooth muscles of the uterus have receptors for ____, which causes ____

1. Smooth, extend and remain extended for a long time (non-fatigable)

2. Oxytocin, uterine contractions to expel the baby

Fundus of uterus:

Domed, upper region of the uterus

The outer 1/3 of the vagina is made by:

Invagination

1. The outer 1/3 of the vagina and the inner 2/3 of the vagina must ____

2. Sometimes it does not grow and fuse together which creates a ____ → the person ____ get pregnant

1. Grow to fuse together

2. Blind pouch, cannot

The partition between the outer 1/3 of the vagina and the inner 2/3 of the vagina is called the:

Hymen

The cervix has ____ which secretes cervical mucus

Mucus glands

Cervical mucus can be examined to find out if a person has ____:

1. If the mucus has a ____ pattern, that means ____ is there → no ovulation

2. If the mucus is ____ and has a ____ pattern, that means ____ is there → ovulation has occurred

Ovulated

1. Fern, estrogen

2. Cellular, globular, progesterone

At the time of ovulation, body temperature goes up by ____ and the person may feel some ____ in their back

1-2 °C, pain

A papanicolaou smear (PAP) is used to check:

Cervical cancer

The vagina does not have ____

Mucus glands

Isthmus:

A constriction separating the body of the uterus from the cervix

The uterus has 3 layers:

1. Perimetrium → ____ layer which is continuous with ____

2. Myometrium → ____ layer made of smooth muscles; responds to _____ at the time of parturition

3. Endometrium → ____ layer that is ____ during menstrual cycle and is where ____ implants

1. Outer, peritoneum

2. Thick middle muscular, oxytocin

3. Inner, shed, fertilized ovum

The endometrium has 2 layers:

The functional layer and the basal layer

The functional layer of the endometrium faces the ____:

1. The functional layer has spiral arteries that go into ____

2. During the first ____ days of the menstruation cycle, the spiral arteries of the endometrium ____ to cause ____, which will later be ____ at the time of menstruation

Uterine cavity

1. Vasospasm

2. 5, contract (vasospasm) and remain contracted, ischemia ( = tissue necrosis), sloughed

1. After the tissue killed by vasospasm is sloughed off during menstruation, there must be ____ and ____

2. Proliferation requires ____ because the baby has to grow if there is fertilization and if the egg is implanted

1. Proliferation, the tissue must regenerate

2. Angiogenesis ( = formation of new blood vessels)

1. The uterus of a non-pregnant person is ____ even though there is oxytocin in the body

2. The uterus does not contract because ____; ____ only appear on the surface of the myometrium at the time of ____

1. Not contracted

2. The oxytocin receptors are missing, the receptors, parturition

The uterus is supported by several ligaments to keep it in a certain position in the pelvic cavity:

1. Broad ligament → Large ligament that is continuous with the ____; surrounds ovary to form the ____ and surrounds fallopian tubes to form the ____

2. Cardinal ligament ( = lateral or transverse ligament) → Area where ____ are present

3. Round ligament → Keeps uterus ____

4. Pubocervical ligament → ____ to the uterus

5. Uterosacral ligament → ____ to the uterus; attaches uterus to the ____

6. Suspensory ligament of ovary → Suspenses ovary to the ____

7. Ovarian ligament → Connects ovary to the ____

1. Peritoneum, mesovarium, mesosalpinx

2. Blood vessels

3. Anteverted

4. Anterior

5. Posterior, sacrum

6. Wall of the pelvic cavity

7. Uterus

If the ligaments supporting the uterus become ____, there is prolapse of the uterus and the uterus can become ____

Weak, retroverted

The mesovarium and the mesosalpinx are ____ of the broad ligament

Extensions

Pregnancy lasts ____, and the ____ remain extended and do not ____

38-40 weeks, smooth muscles of the uterus, fatigue

The vesico-uterine pouch is the space between the the:

Uterus and the bladder

The recto-uterine pouch ( = pouch of douglas) is the space between the:

Uterus and the rectum

The vagina is ____ in length and has no ____

3-4 inch, mucus

1. The vagina is highly ____ because of ____

2. ____ from the uterus turns into glucose which then turns into pyruvic acid which changes into ____

3. Glycogen from the uterus is formed in the ____ phase

4. Glycogen serves as ____ for an implanted egg

1. Acidic, lactic acid

2. Glycogen, lactic acid

3. Secretory

4. Food

The vagina does not have mucus because mucus is a good food for ____, and we don't want ____ to grow in the vagina

Bacteria, bacteria

1. The vagina has bacteria like ____ which produces ____ to make the vagina acidic

2. The pH of the vagina is ____

3. The acidic medium of the vagina is good because ____

1. Lactobacilli, lactic acid

2. 4.0

3. It prevents growth of harmful bacterial

Seminal fluid from the ____ and ____ are alkaline so they neutralize the acidity in the female tract which helps the sperms ____

Seminal vesicles, prostate, survive

The skene's glands secrete ____

PSA

Prolapse of the uterus is when:

The uterus projects into the vagina

The uterus has ____, which is fibrous tissue that changes in ____ according to the menstrual cycle

Fibroids, size

The uterus and ovaries can be subjected to various conditions:

1. Ovaries may develop ____, such as in polycystic ovary disease; reproduction may be affected

2. Endometriosis occurs when cells in the ____

1. Ovarian cysts

2. Peritoneal cavity start acting like endometrial cells by showing cyclic changes (i.e., bleeding);

The uterus and vagina are not in the same ____; they are almost at a ____ from each other

Line, right angle

1. The mammary glands are modified ____ which serve to produce ____

2. During the pregnancy, ____ levels are high which causes ____ secretion and stops ____ from being secreted

3. After parturition, ____ levels fall which lowers ____ levels and allows ____ to be secreted

1. apocrine ( = sudoriferous or sweat) glands, milk

2. Estrogen, PIH, prolactin

3. Estrogen, PIH, prolactin

Prolactin and oxytocin help with lactation:

1. Prolactin helps with ____

2. Oxytocin causes ____ when the baby begins to ____

1. Milk production

2. Milk ejection/letdown, suckle

The mammary glands are prone to cancer:

1. BRAC 1 and BRAC 2 are ____ genes, but cancer appears if these genes are ____

2. BRAC 1 and BRAC 2 are on chromosomes ____ and ____

1. Tumor suppressor, mutated

2. 17, 13

Reproductive cycles include:

1. Estrous cycle → Seen in ____

- There is no ____ in the estrous cycle and the female is only receptive to males during the ____

3. Menstrual cycle (28 days) → Seen in ____

- There is ____ in the menstrual cycle; there are also changes throughout the cycle called ____

1. Non-primates (i.e., sheep, dogs, horses, elephants, cats, etc.)

- Sloughing or discharge, breeding season

2. Apes and humans

- Sloughing and discharge, waxing and waning

1. The menstrual cycle begins at the time of ____, and ends at the time of ____ when all the ____ are used up

2. The first menstruation is called the ____

1. Puberty, menopause, ovarian follicles

2. Menarche

The menstrual cycle is based on the ____ month, not the calendar month

Lunar

The menstrual cycle undergoes various changes, some in the ____ and some in the ____

Ovary, uterus

In the uterine cycle:

1. Day ____: Menstruation phase

2. Day ____: Proliferative phase

3. Day ____: Secretory phase → ____ is secreted

1. 1-5

2. 6-14

3. 15-28, glycogen

In the ovarian cycle:

1. The ____ occurs from day 10-16

2. Ovulation occurs on day ____

3. The post-ovulatory ( = or luteal phase) lasts for ____ days

1. Follicular phase ( = pre-ovulatory or pre-luteal phase)

2. 14

3. 11-17

The egg may be discharged sooner or later:

1. Regardless of when the egg is ovulated, the next menstruation will start ____ after

2. 2 weeks is the ____ situation, but the next menstruation can start anywhere from ____ days after

1. 2 weeks

2. Ideal, 11-17

1. The primordial follicles mature in the ____ and only 1 out of the ____ total primordial follicles will becomes the mature ____

2. On day ____ of the ovarian cycle, the mature graafian follicle will rupture and release the secondary oocyte

3. The remaining follicle cells after ovulation will become the ____

1. Follicular phase ( = pre-ovulatory or pre-luteal phase), 20-25, graafian follicle

2. 14

3. Corpus luteum

The secondary oocyte discharged at the time of ovulation may or may not be ____

Fertilized

1. Doctors add ____ weeks to the time of pregnancy because we do not know what day the ____ came, making the total pregnancy time ____ weeks

2. The egg could have come at day ____, ____, or ____

1. 2, egg, 40

2. 14, earlier, later

38 weeks of pregnancy is ____ days, but the doctor adds 2 weeks to the total pregnancy time, making it ____ days total

266, 280

Every month, 20-25 primordial follicles start maturing to become primary follicles:

Primordial follicles (2n) → primary follicles (2n) → secondary follicles (n) → tertiary follicle (n) → a antral/dominant follicle (n) → a graafian follicle (n)

1. The primary follicles are surrounded by ____ and contain the ____ which is arrested in ____

2. The secondary follicles contain the ____ which is arrested in ____

3. The graafian follicle discharges to release the ____

1. Zona granulosa cells, primary oocyte, prophase I of meiosis I

2. Secondary oocyte, metaphase II of meiosis II

3. Secondary oocyte

1. The primordial follicles contain ____ and there is no ____ for females after birth

2. This means that the number of primordial follicles is ____

1. Oogonium, mitosis

2. Fixed

1. Out of the ____ primordial follicles, many die and only ____ becomes the mature graafian follicle

2. The follicles that fail to reach maturity and die are called ____

3. Follicular atresia ( = ____) is because of ____ and ____

1. 20-25, 1

2. Atretic follicles

3. Why the follicles die, FSH, inhibin

1. The secondary oocyte is arrested in metaphase II of meiosis II and will only complete ____ if it is ____

2. The secondary oocyte has a nucleus with ____ chromosomes and is surrounded by a layer called the ____

1. Meiosis II, penetrated by a sperm

2. 23, zona pellucida

1. The zona pellucida must ____ for the ____ to enter

2. The zona pellucida is made of ____ and the sperm has an acrosomal cap which contains enzymes called ____ and ____

3. Acrosin and hyaluronidase will dissolve the ____, allowing the sperm nucleus to enter

4. As soon as the sperm nucleus enters, ____ is completed

1. Dissolve, sperm

2. Hyaluronic acid, acrosin, hyaluronidase

3. Hyaluronic acid of the zona pellucida

4. Meiosis II

Only the ____ enters to penetrate the secondary oocyte, the tail does not

Sperm nucleus

The zona granulosa cells of the primary follicles secrete:

Estrogens (estradiol-17 beta)

The corpus luteum secretes:

Progesterone

____ is a process where the sperm becomes ready to fertilize the egg in the female tract

Capacitation

Only ____ sperm enters to fertilize the egg (____); there is no ____

1, monospermy, polyspermy

The graafian follicle changes into:

Graafian follicle → ____ → _____ → ____ → ____

1. Corpus hemorrhagicum is a ____ of the discharged follicle

2. Corpus luteum secretes ____

3. Corpus albicans is ____ of the discharged follicle

4. Corpus atreticum is ____

Corpus hemorrhagicum, corpus luteum, corpus albicans, corpus atreticum

1. Blood clot

2. Progesterone

3. Fibrous scar tissue

4. The dead follicles which failed to mature

1. If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum will be active for ____ and then the next cycle will begin

2. If fertilization does occur, the corpus luteum will be active for ____

3. When the corpus luteum dies, the ____ will take over and produce ____

1. 2 weeks

2. 3 months

3. Placenta, progesterone

1. LH causes ____ and causes the _____

2. hCG causes ____

1. Ovulation, corpus luteum to secrete progesterone during the 1st trimester

2. The placenta to secrete progesterone during the 2nd and 3rd trimester

1. ____ is used to detect pregnancy:

2. Pregnancy test strips have ____ against hCG, so the strip will change color ( = ____) if the urine contains hCG

1. hCG

2. Antibodies, coagulate

1. It is most common for pregnancy problems (i.e., miscarriage) to occur ____ because there is a ____

2. Pregnancy problems are not common in the ____ or ____ trimesters

1. Right after 3 months, switch from the corpus luteum to the placenta

2. 2nd, 3rd

1. For males, a primary spermatocyte produces ____ sperms

2. But for females, a primary oocyte produces only ____ secondary oocyte

1. 4

2. 1

1. The ovum and sperm nucleus fuse together to form a ____

2. The zygote will then divide by ____ and later form the baby

1. Zygote

2. Cleavage

The ____ is the first haploid stage in for females

Secondary oocyte

1. Oogenesis and the maturation of the egg takes ____

2. For example, if the person produces an egg in June, the process started in ____

1. 4-6 months

2. January

1. 1 spermatogonium produces up to ____ sperms because there is ____

2. However, 1 oogonium only produces ____ egg

1. 4,000, mitosis

2. 1

The ____ phase of the uterine cycle is when the uterus is getting ready for implantation and the ____ phase of the uterine cycle is when the uterus secretes glycogen

Proliferative, secretory

Oligomenorrhea:

Menstrual cycle is too long (~35 days)

Polymenorrhea:

Menstrual cycle is too short (~20 days)

Hypermenorrhea:

Menstrual cycle has excess bleeding

Hypomenorrhea:

Menstrual cycle has less bleeding

Amenorrhea:

No menstruation occurs

Metromenorrhea:

Irregular menstrual cycle; can be shorter or longer

The ____ secretes GnRH which goes to the ____, causing it to secrete gonadotropins: ____ and ____

Hypothalamus, pituitary, LH, FSH

FSH causes ____:

1. The ____ is made, which then ruptures to discharge the secondary oocyte and then becomes the corpus luteum

2. The ____ secrete estrogens and ____ secretes progesterone

Follicular maturation

1. Graafian follicle

2. Follicles, corpus luteum