APUSH (Fraser: By The People): Chapter 4

US History

John Peter Zenger Trial

-Zenger published articles critical of a British governor. He was taken to trial, but found not guilty.

-Although the laws against "seditious libel" (talking bad about the government) were not repealed, many more newspapers were founded offering critiques of government

-Beginning to see a stronger unity of the continent as "Americans" as opposed to just British subjects

James II

-a Catholic king who greatly angered Parliament nobles and whose actions led to the Glorious Revolution

-heavily centralized his authority

Actions of James II

-expanded religious freedoms for Catholics and appointed some to high office

-to assert royal authority, he appointed a single governor over the newly designated "Dominion of New England" which comprised Plymouth, Mass, NH, CT, RI, NY, and NJ. (nobody wanted this)

Divine right or kings

the belief that the king gets his power from God and not from his subjects

Glorious Revolution

-James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his protestant daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange after being asked by parliament.

-it was finally made clear in England, that the king and queens supremacy was now bound by law, Parliament (as representative of the people) was the deciding force in England

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

How Locke justified the revolution

-All interactions between people and government part of social contract

-all people have certain natural rights

-people have a right to revolt when the government does not uphold their end of the social contract and not give them their deserved rights

European Enlightenment

-European intellectual movement of the eighteenth century that applied the lessons of the Scientific Revolution to human affairs.

-Came to believe that reason was superior to faith or deference to authority

-René Descartes (Mrs. Reising is dumb, it's pronounced Day-Cart not da-cart-eez)

-Baruch Spinoza

Effects of the Glorious revolution in the Americas

-the New England colonies allowed to separate again

-liberty of conscious granted to protestants but not Catholics

-uprisings in New York and Maryland

Uprising in New York

-Those on the bottom of the social order, merchants, dockworkers, and traders, seized power under the leadership of Jacob Leisler

-Leisler held power for two years, but when he was slow in ceding power he was arrested and executed for treason (hanging and disembowelment and then burning their guts in front of their faces... typical tuesday honestly)

Uprising in Maryland

The Catholic proprietor was driven from the colony and his office, and Maryland then became a fully Anglican colony

Winners and losers of the Glorious revolution

Losers: Virginia and Massachusetts company lose power, colonial proprietors like Lord Baltimore and William penn do as well, Catholics lose their hard-won rights

Winners: Protestant men could now vote, elected legislature competed with royal governors to make laws, communities became larger, more secure, wealthier

Society with Slaves makes way for a Slave Society

After the disaster of Bacon's Rebellion, the rich of Virginia feared another rebellion so they implemented more slave codes. Thinking African slaves to be better than indentured servants and natives, they made slavery lifelong and inherited.

The issue of mixed race children

Mixed children of black mothers was no issue, would just become slaves.

Mixed children of white mothers much more problematic, so they just straight up try to not let it happen.

Rapid growth of African slaves

in 1668, white indentured servants outnumbered African slaves 5:1, and there were about equal numbers of natives. By 1700, nearly ass tobacco and rice workers in Virginia and the Carolinas were African slaves

Atlantic Slave Trade

-Of the full AST, the sugar plantations of the Caribbean, Brazil, and New Spain needed man more slaves because slaves there would die so much more quickly. The North American slave trade was only a small part of it.

-new West-African states founded such as Asante, Dahomey, and Oyo, funded by the trade

-some states flat out refused to take part such as Benin, but those that did grew rich

-slave trading grew from a small limited practice, to something which seemed to have no end

Middle Passage

-A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies.

-It was a horrifying experience, 25% died on the trip.

Nature of Colonial Slavery

Every effort was made to dehumanize the slaves, whether it be by giving them names, or branding them, or inspecting them like animals, ect.

Olaudah Equiano

sold into slavery at age 11; after gaining freedom, he spoke out against slavery and published his autobiography

Fear of slave revolts

As white colonists came to depend on slavery for essentially their entire economy the fear of slave revolts would spread.

Stono Rebellion

The most serious slave rebellion in the the colonial period which occurred in 1739 in South Carolina. 100 African Americans rose up, got weapons and killed several whites then tried to escape to S. Florida. The uprising was crushed and the participants executed. The main form of rebellion was running away, though there was no where to go.

Francisco Menendez (before Stono)

-an escaped South Carolina slave who fought with the Yamasee Indians against the colony, fled to Florida, was reenslaved by the Spanish, became a milita captain, was freed again, and was put in charge of the free-black town of Mose near St. Augustine in the late 1730s, the first community of its kind in what is now the United States

-Eventually when Spain ceded Florida, Spain moved the Mose Africans to Cuba, where they were given land, tools, a subsidy, and ironically slaves.

Tensions in NYC

-has more slaves than typical for a Northern city

-1712 - Slaves killed a few people in a rebellion, New York is then always on edge

-1741 - Fire breaks out, devastating, declared as an uprising for a slave uprising, there is no evidence for this

-Series of sham trials, no evidence, 30 African slaves hanged/burned alive, 84 sent to Jamaica

Stability and Instability in America and Britian

-Act of Union: unified England and Scotland; the Scots sought the benefits of trade within the English empire. Enforced stability of Glorious revolution.

-3rd and 4th generations of people living in the Americas who had never even seen Britain, although of British descent

-More German and Northern-Irish protestants, as well as many more unwilling Africans

-Starving times over, economic "stability", growing economic elite, wealth built of Slavery

Test act 1730

Queen Anne's government passed the test act that stripped non-Anglican protestant clergy in the British isles, and forbade their followers any government position. Many left their homes in England for the backwoods of Pennsylvania, Virginia, and the Carolinas

Salem Witch Trials, 1692

-More than 200 people were accused of practicing witchcraft Eventually, the colony admitted the trials were a mistake and compensated the families of those convicted.

-Urged on by fear of Native and/or slave revolts, growing class resentment (Karl strikes again)

-Charges levied against pretty much any women who slightly differed from the social norm or expectation (like when the norm is wearing short shorts, but you wear t-shirts, and the norm is being cheer captain, but you're on the bleachers)

-Horrible, just absolute dog water trials, started allowing "spectral evidence"

-Eventually they realized how stupid they were and offered full pardons and minor compensation

Women's lives

-Urban women had more opportunity for social contact than those living the rural regions, although it still wasn't great. Some women ran taverns

-In New England some women gathered to trade soap, candles, cheese, and butter or would attend church, as means of social communication. This commercial prosperity would allow some women to purchase imported goods

-Womens work would often include that of physician or pharmacist as medical care was not easily accessible

Sally Hemmings

Jefferson's mistress after his wife's death that was technically his slave. Despite the fact that she was 7/8 white, she was still considered a black woman, and therefore could not marry Jefferson, even though he fathered some of her children. Sally Hemmings spent thirty years as Jefferson's slave because if Jefferson freed her, she'd have to leave. Sally Hemmings presents an interesting case of contradiction for Jefferson, as he could write a great document that promotes the equality of man, but also owned and raped a 16 year old whom he kept as a slave.

Growth of Cities

-Port cities became centers of trade, colonies began to grow in prosperity and trade

-Rapid population growth (not like crazy numbers but still growing)

-Some colonists responded to the prosperity with pride in being British

-Ships based in North America carried food, and naval stores to the great sugar plantations of the British West Indies.

-Became safer to live in after Boston clergyman Cotton Mather championed the first vaccinations against smallpox

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought.

Zero sum wealth.

Capitalism

an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state. :(

Differing economic attitudes across the Atlantic

-British closely guarded the colonies so that their wealth went exclusively to the "mother country", any trade outside the loop would risk draining the wealth

-Those who favored Capitalism believed there was no limit to the world's wealth, and that trade itself is what stimulated growth

British Navigation Acts of 1650 and 1660

The result of the English desire to increase both military power and private wealth was the mercantile system of navigation Acts. The acts required that goods imported from Europe into England and Scotland be carried on British-owned ships with British crews or on ships of the country producing the article etc.

Triangle Trade

the extensive exchange of slaves, sugar, cotton, and furs between Europe, Africa, and the Americas that transformed economic, political, and social life on both sides of the Atlantic

Response to the Navigation Acts

-The colonists hated the acts, they could get stuff like Molasses or slaves cheaper from France or the Dutch, they thought the acts were stupid and limited trade and profits.

-Illegal trade and loopholes became common, helped establish another form of American independent attitude

-Trade of information became more prevalent. Cotton Mather learned about smallpox from Turkish physicians through contact in London.

Changing Social Systems

-When colonists came to the Americas, they carried with them a strong sense of social class they inherited from the very aristocratic England

-By the 1720s there was a growing middle class in the colonies, as in the colonies, wealth movement was actually a possibility, through hard and long work, you can make wealth for yourself

Early Divide of Protestants and Catholics

-People believed that the new land was divinely planned to begin the world again and make it right

-Thomas Mather published a book claiming New England had a divine mission, America found after Protestant revolution so new world would be protestant

-Catholics argued that it was by divine intervention that Columbus and Spain discovered the Americas

Dissenters to religious drama

-Roger Williams established Rhode Island as a haven for Religious toleration

-From a group of fisherman to a missionary, 'Sir, ... our main end is to catch fish."

-by early 1700s the sense of being on a divine mission declined, religious toleration grew, immigration then came as a result

-result of the Enlightenment

Gottlieb Mittelberger

German immigrant from Enzweiningen who provided a dramatic account of how non religious the people of America were.

Solomon Stoddard

1643-1729, was the pastor of the Congregationalist Church in Northampton, Massachusetts Bay Colony, significantly liberalized church policy while promoting more power for the clergy, decrying drinking and extravagance, and urging the preaching of hellfire and the Judgment

Jonathan Edwards

-Spurred on the First Great Awakening

-Very emotional and logical style of preaching

-Kinda the whole "nothing but eternal scalding fires and damnation awaits you, a pit of despair where no happiness can reach, and you deserve to go there because you are evil and abhorrent and sinful and smelly, but god loves you, so if you accept him, you're all good" type of religious guilt going on

-Aaron Burr's grandfather as briefly mentioned in that one song

George Whitfield

English preacher who led the Great Awakening by traveling through the colonies. His sermons were essentially the colonial equivalent of the eras tour (if I make one more Taylor Swift reference I might just disappear into the aether)

The ongoing wars in Europe and the colonies

-Between 1689 and 1815, France and England pretty much at continuous war with each other, Spain often allied with France, and with native tribes in shifting alliances with different European powers

-Colonial life shaped by these wars

King William's War

(1689-1697) Small war between French and English that had small battles fought in Northern New England. War was inconclusive, but the war had devastating consequences for the people of the colonies

Queen Anne's war (War of Spanish Succession)

-If you are in the south, GB vs Spain

-if you are in NE or Canada, GB vs France, not crazy battles, but people die

Iroquois involvement in the wars

The Iroquois had firmly allied themselves with the English against the French and French-allied natives

Traditional Native-European Wars

-Mohawks begin to feel disenfranchised with the English, destroy the town of Deerfield, MA, and take some people hostage, funnily enough most of the captives wanted to stay with the natives, and not leave the Mohawk community

-Yamasee wars, South Carolinians have trouble with the Tuscarora, call on the Yamasee to help, the Yamasee are not compensated, turn on the Carolinians, and then are defeated by the Cherokee

War of Jenkin's Ear

Land squabble between Britain and Spain over Georgia and trading rights. Battles took place in the Caribbean and on the Florida/Georgia border. The name comes from a British captain named Jenkins, whose ear was cut off by the Spanish.

King George's War (War of Austrian Succession)

North American theater of Europe's War of Austrian Succession that once again pitted British colonists against their French counterparts in the North; peace settlement didn't include any territorial realignment - led to conflict between New England settlers and the British government (1740-1748)

Effects of the wars on British Colonists

-Feeling of deep seated patriotism for being British, despite the British's obvious lack of care for them

Albany Plan of Union

-Starts with defensive treaty with the Iroquois

-Defensive pact with one another

-Council of representatives, can raise troops (for defense), build forts, and regulate trade with the natives

-Colonial legislatures hate it, they don't want to give up power, so it just doesn't happen

-This is big because, at least we're all talking about it now