Chiro Theory Midterm - Study Guide

Compressive neuropathy

nerve and nerve root compression/traction/torsion

Effect of IVF distortion due to vertebral subluxation complex (VSC)

mechanical compression of spinal nerves, resulting of neurological injury and dysfunction

Neurothlipsis

pressure on a nerve, direct or indirect

What are nerve roots most sensitive to?

Compression - they lack the CT sheath of peripheral nerves

Includes DRG

Regions of the spine most susceptible to compression

Cervical and lumbar

How does the spinal distortion displace the neural complex laterally?

Traction

What spinal concept does the Carver distortion patterns involve?

Statics

Origin of today’s postural clinical approaches in chiropractic

Carver Distortion patterns and attention on effects of gravitational strain or skeletal framework and posture in the static upright spine

Carver’s locations of susceptibility to injury and subluxation

apices and transitional points of primary and secondary spinal curves

Subluxation

structural dysregulation with associated neurological dysfunction

Dis-ease

alteration of homeostatic balance of body organs and systems

Dysautonomia

abnormal balance between ‘tone’ of sympathetic/parasympathetic divisions of the ANS

T/F: Human spine is incompletely adapted to upright bipedal configuration

True (hypothesis)

Other causes of subluxations

Trauma

IVD injury/aging

Inflammatory athritides and autoimmune conditions

Infection (upper respiratory)

Congenital and developmental factors (including trisomy 21, facet tropism, spondylolysis/spondylolisthesis)

Dysponesis

adaptive errors due to disrupted communication between CNS and body

when safety pin cycle is not working correctly

Heatlh

expression of innate intelligence through innate matter via innate energy

Dis-ease

result of interference with transmission of innate energy causing decrease in expression of innate intelligence

Transverse foramen ligaments

accessory ligaments found to be normal occurrences throughout hte spine

Where are TFL’s most common?

lumbar spine

How much do TFLs decrease the functional S to I diameter of the IVF?

1/3

Steps of biomechanical evaluation

1. Contributing mechanical etiologies (trauma)

2. Static asymmetries (high shoulder, etc)

3. Dynamic asymmetries (gait)

4. Passive and active individual joint ranges of motion

   1. Image procedures

Methods of neurologic evaluation

symptoms, palpatory tenderness, altered muscle tone, vasomotor findings, sudomotor findings

Trophic assessment

Altered tissue texture

Edema

Metabolic disturbances

Nutritional imbalances

Psychosocial assessment

mental attitude/outlook

social interactions

lifestyle habits

stress

Kinesiopathology

abnormal motion or position of spinal bones

Myopathology

abnormal muscle function

Histopathology

abnormal soft tissue function

can result in swelling and inflammation

ligaments may also be permanently damaged

Neuropathophysiology

abnormal nervous system function

can have irritate/compress/stretched nerve tissue including spinal nerves and cord

Pathophysiology

abnormal function of spine and body

includes bone spurs and other abnormal bony growths

can have long-term nerve dysfunction

Vitalism

nervous systems function in the ‘self-healing’ human organism

body has innate intelligence

Holism

whole is greater than the sum of its parts

mind, body, and spirit

view patient as whole person, not symptom-bearing organism

Naturalism

preference for natural therapies and avoid drugs and surgery

Humanism

compassionate manner and requires empathy, nonjudgmental acceptance, congruence, and genuineness

chiropractor oriented to patient, not illness

Conservatism

first do no harm

minimal intervention will promote patient’s active participation in healing

economically - best path to sustainable healthcare system

Rationalism

invoke logic and evidence as basis for clinical reasoning

Most accepted subluxation definition

A subluxation is a complex of functional and/or structural and/or pathological articular changes that compromise neural integrity and may influence organ system function and general heatlh.

T/F: There is a fundamental difference between conceptual and operational (philosophical versus scientific) definitions.

True

Philosophical subluxation definition

a vertebral subluxation is a metaphor concerning what we see as a possible source of interference to the maintenance of homeostasis

Scientific definition of subluxation

vertebral subluxation is a phenomenon worth studying/investigating through research

Stephenson definition (MOPI)

A subluxation is the condition of a vertebra that has lost its proper juxtaposition with the one above or the one below or both; to the extent less than a luxation, and which impinges nerves and interferes with the transmission of mental impulses.

Homewood definition

A subluxation in the chiropractic sense is not a partial dislocation, but an alteration of the normal anatomical or physiological relationships, or dynamics, of contiguous structures.

PCC Draft

A subluxation is a misalignment, malposition, or dyskinesia of any skeletal articulation within its active or passive range of motion.

A vertebral subluxation is a subluxation of any weight-bearing spinal articulation that compromises neural integrity and may influence organ system function and general health.

Haldeman definition

Subluxation is an aberrant relationship between 2 adjacent articular structures that may have functional or pathological sequelae causing an alteration in the biomechanical and/or physiological reflections of these articular structures, their proximal structures, and/or body systems that may be directly or indirectly affected by them.

Metaphysics

study of fundamental nature of reality and existence and of the essence of things; often subdivided into ontogeny and study of the physical universe

Epistemology

study of nature, basis, and extent of knowledge (a priori and empirical)

Logic

study of the principles and methods of reasoning (inductive and deductive)

Ethics

study of human conduct, character, and values

relativism, objectivism, subjectivism

Aesthetics

study of the creating and principles of art and beauty and of thoughts, feelings, and attitudes

Signs and symptoms of phase 1

motion dysfunction and possible misalignment; bony architecture of spine is intact; initially only soft tissue changes

Signs and symptoms of phase 2

motion dysfunction and possible misalignment, fibrosis occurs in soft tissues; early bone changes seen like exostosis and sclerosis

Signs and symptoms of phase 3

motion dysfunction, possible misalignment; chronic soft tissue effects; major bone and joint changes seen - beginnings of ankylosis or fusion

Signs and symptoms of phase 4

all changes of earlier phases; major bone and joint changes seen - fusion or ankylosis complete

Founder of osteopathy

AT Still (1874)

Significance of Andrew P. Davis

one of first osteopathy students

future chiropractor

rival of DD Palmer

Was chiropractic or osteopathy founded first?

Osteopathy

Founder of chiropractor

DD Palmer (1895)