EFB 217 Peoples, Plagues, and Pests Exam 2

The Mayans had a sophisticated food-production system that consisted of the following except:

a. Slash & burn agriculture

b. draft animals

c. terracing

d. irrigation

draft animals

Which of the following best represents the maximum number of people thought to have lived in the Americas prior to the arrival of Columbus in 1492?

a. 1 million

b. 10 million

c. 100 million

d. 100 thousand

e. 1 billion

c. 100 million

When Hernando DeSoto explored North America in the early 1540s he saw which of the following:

a. Native American cities of 200,000 or more people with temples, plazas, & markets.

b. Very few native peoples, who fled upon his arrival.

c. Lake Michigan.

d. The French explorer Rene de LaSalle.

a. Native American cities of 200,000 or more people with temples, plazas, & markets.

The acquisition of the Louisiana Territory from the French can be indirectly attributed to

a. yellow fever

b. African sleeping sickness

c. hook worms

d. Chaga's disease

a. yellow fever

Which of the following best explains the great Mayan collapse?

a. smallpox

b. Population increase, poor weather & plant diseases

c. Population increase, labor intensive agriculture, resource depletion, & human disease

d. Chaga's disease and yellow fever

e. Climate change

c. Population increase, labor intensive agriculture, resource depletion, & human disease

Efforts to cultivate Hevea brasiliensis in the Americas failed because of which of the following:

a. Hemileia vastatrix

b. Microcyclus ulei

c. Phytophthora infestans

d. Cochliobolus miyabeanus

e. None of the above

b. Microcyclus ulei

Swidden agriculture is equivalent to which of the following:

a. terracing

b. slash and burn

c. channelized fields

d. irrigated

e. none of the above

b. slash and burn

Dengue, zika and chikungunya are

a. nutritional diseases

b. transmitted person-to-person

c. vector-borne diseases

d. water-borne diseases

c. vector-borne diseases

In the mid-nineteenth century in Brazil, the racist policy known as "whitening" had which of the following consequences?

a. it increased the number of African slaves

b. it increased the numbers of white and Asian immigrants

c. it caused a malaria epidemic

d. it contributed to a yellow fever epidemic

d. it contributed to a yellow fever epidemic

Vulcanization is the process that:

a. Involved treating Hevea latex with sulfur and heat.

b. Helped to fuel the Great Leap Forward.

c. Makes fried eggs safe to eat.

d. All of the above

a. Involved treating Hevea latex with sulfur and heat.

The 1878 yellow fever epidemic that struck New Orleans, Memphis and other cities in the American south was believed to have originated in

a. Jamaica c. Haiti

b. Cuba d. Brazil

b. Cuba

The Mayan civilization at its peak occupied parts of which of these present day countries?

a. Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru

b. Costa Rica, Columbia, Bolivia

c. The S.W. US and Mexico

d. Costa Rica and Colombia

e. Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, & El Salvador

e. Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, & El Salvador

Romaña's sign is associated with

a. Chagas' disease

b. Scurvy

c. Yellow fever

d. Dengue fever

a. Chagas' disease

Smallpox was so devastating in the New World because:

a. the "founder effect".

b. fewer types of human leukocyte antigens than in European populations

c. it was a virgin-soil epidemic.

d. all of the above

e. none of the above

d. all of the above

Which of the following is a symptom of yellow fever?

a. symptoms recede, then return with increased severity

b. vomiting blood

c. hyperbilirubinemia

d. delirium and coma

e. All of the above

f. none of the above

e. All of the above

The pathogen that causes Chagas' disease belongs to the same genus as the pathogen that causes

a. Yellow fever

b. Dengue

c. African sleeping sickness

d. Malaria

c. African sleeping sickness

American trypanosomiasis is also known as

a. Smallpox

b. Chagas Disease

c. Yellow fever

d. All of the above

e. None of the above

b. Chagas Disease

Why did the Americans and not the French complete the Panama Canal?

a. The American engineers were better

b. The Americans worked on the canal after the vector of yellow fever was discovered

c. The Americans had identified the vector of Chagas disease

d. The French were more susceptible to yellow fever.

b. The Americans worked on the canal after the vector of yellow fever was discovered

A disease of wild animals is known as a(n)

a. epidemic

b. virgin soil epidemic

c. zoonosis

d. enzootic

d. enzootic

The yellow fever epidemics of the New World were caused indirectly by

a. stagnant population growth in Europe in the 17th century

b. European demand for sugar

c. resistance among Africans to yellow fever

d. all of the above

e. none of the above

d. all of the above

Leishmaniasis was present in both the Old and New Worlds because

a. It was transported from the OW to the NW by the slave trade

b. It was transported from the OW to the NW by Spanish conquistadors

c. It probably evolved prior to the breakup of Pangaea

d. It probably arose separately in the OW and NW

c. It probably evolved prior to the breakup of Pangaea

In the dengue transmission cycle, the intrinsic incubation period is

a. when the virus develops in the mosquito

b. after a person becomes ill

c. after a person becomes infected but before they become ill

d. when the mosquito larvae are developing in water-holding containers

c. after a person becomes infected but before they become ill

The rapid rise and fall of the Mayan civilization was different from the rise and fall of other ancient civilizations (e.g. Aztecs, Incas, Mesopotamia) for which of the following reasons:

a. a series of specific, complex, interrelated biological, social, and demographic factors

b. monocropping

c. the inherent limitations of a rainforest habitat

d. all of the above

e. none of the above

c. the inherent limitations of a rainforest habitat

If a person survives and recovers from dengue fever but later becomes infected again, what is a possible outcome?

a. DHF

b. IC

c. RIDL

d. Zika

a. DHF

Used automobile tires have been a significant problem because

a. they are difficult to recycle

b. they hold rainwater in which mosquitoes can breed

c. they have been transported great distances bringing disease vectors with them

d. All of the above.

e. None of the above.

d. All of the above.

The impact of Henry Wickham's actions was the establishment of a cultivated rubber industry in:

a. Australia and New Guinea

b. East Africa

c. Java, Sumatra, Ceylon, India, and Malaya

d. Brazil

e. All of the above.

c. Java, Sumatra, Ceylon, India, and Malaya

Hernan de Cortes conquered which of the following people:

a. the Aztec people led by the Emperor Monteczuma

b. the Inca lead by the Emperor Athualpa

c. the Potosi people of Chile

d. the Taino people

e. none of the above

a. the Aztec people led by the Emperor Monteczuma

Smallpox has a non-infectious incubation period that lasts:

a. three days

b. one week

c. 12 days

d. three weeks

e. none of the above.

c. 12 days

Since the late 1980s, dengue fever in Ecuador and throughout Latin America has

a. increased

b. decreased

c. remained unchanged

d. been eradicated

a. increased

Which of the following is considered a biological weapons threat by the United Nations?

a. Chagas' disease

b. Scorbutus

c. Porotic hyperostosis

d. South American Leaf Blight

e. all of the above

f. none of the above

d. South American Leaf Blight

In the pre-Columbian New World, evidence of disease comes from

a. Written medical records

b. Records kept by Spanish explorers

c. Fossilized DNA

d. Coprolites, mummies & bones

Coprolites, mummies & bones

The technology that is used to create detailed maps of the terrain beneath the forest canopy showing extensive terracing and other landscape modifications of the Mayans is

a. RADAR

b. SONAR

c. PEPFAR

d. LIDAR

d. LIDAR

Which of the following contributed to the collapse of the Mayan civilization?

a. Nutritional stress, disease, & demographic instability.

b. Agricultural intensification, monocropping, & landscape degradation.

c. The relative absence of regional resource extraction networks.

d. All of the above

e. None of the above

d. All of the above

Nearly 1/5 of the world's population was wiped out as a result of

a. malnutrition

b. SALB

c. Pathogens transported to the New World by Europeans

d. The combined effects of dengue, yellow fever, and malaria

c. Pathogens transported to the New World by Europeans

The most severe form of smallpox is caused by which of the following viruses:

a. Variola major

b. Variola fatalis

c. Variola minor

d. Variola falciparum

e. None of the above

a. Variola major

Human excrement used as fertilizer is known as

a. Milpa

b. Swidden

c. Night soil

d. Cenote

c. Night soil

Chagas' disease was first a(n)

a. enzootic disease

b. virgin soil epidemic

c. zoonosis

d. nutritional disorder

a. enzootic disease

Heme iron such as that found in meat is nutritionally superior to non-heme iron found in plants because

a. It prevents jaundice

b. It prevents scurvy

c. It is more readily absorbed in the intestines

d. It is more rapidly excreted by the kidneys

c. It is more readily absorbed in the intestines

Scurvy can be prevented by ingesting adequate amounts of

a. zinc

b. iron

c. ascorbic acid

d. collagen

c. ascorbic acid

The pathogen that causes yaws belongs to the same genus as the pathogen that causes

a. malaria

b. dengue

c. syphilis

d. porotic hyperostosis

c. syphilis

The 'yellow' of yellow fever refers to

a. the color of the vector

b. the color of the vomit

c. hyperbilirubinemia

d. porotic hyperostosis

c. hyperbilirubinemia

Yellow fever came to the Americas in which century?

a. 1400s

b. 1500s

c. 1600s

d. 1700s

c. 1600s

Which of the following originated as an animal disease and later 'jumped' into humans?

a. Scorbutus

b. Chagas disease

c. Porotic hyperostosis

d. Hyperbilirubinemia

b. Chagas disease

Chagas' disease is transmitted by

a. triatomine bugs

b. mosquitoes

c. torsalos

d. microfilariae

a. triatomine bugs

Which of the following is NOT a way in which people get Chagas' disease?

a. touching their eyes, mouth, or open cuts after contacting infective triatome bug feces

b. bugs directly depositing infected feces in their eyes

c. having unprotected sex with an infected person

d. eating uncooked food contaminated with triatomine bug feces;

e. receiving an infected blood transfusion or organ transplant

c. having unprotected sex with an infected person

Scurvy is caused by

a. A bacterium

b. malnutrition

c. a virus

d. vitamin B12 deficiency

e. vitamin C deficiency

e. vitamin C deficiency

Aedes aegypti is an efficient vector of human disease because it

a. breeds in tree holes

b. is anthropophagic

c. tolerates subfreezing temperatures

d. is zoophilic

b. is anthropophagic

Which of the following parasites is nearing eradication?

a. Guinea worm

b. Pork tapeworm

c. Human bot fly

d. New world screwworm

a. Guinea worm

The main challenge to the development of a dengue vaccine is that

a. dengue viruses are too closely related to the yellow fever virus

b. it must be tetravalent

c. it must be compatible with tetracycline

d. Lack of interest from the pharmaceutical industry

b. it must be tetravalent

An unintended result of the racist policy of 'Whitening' in Brazil was

a. A yellow fever outbreak primarily among white, European immigrants

b. An increase in the number of African slaves

c. A yellow fever outbreak primarily among people of African descent

d. A revolution by people of African descent against the white government

a. A yellow fever outbreak primarily among white, European immigrants

Dengue fever is caused by

a. a protist

b. a virus

c. a bacterium

d. malnutrition

b. a virus

Which of the following is the principal means used to reduce the incidence of Guinea worm?

a. Low-cost drug treatment

b. Area-wide control of snails

c. Distributing insecticide-treated bed nets

d. Providing the public with drinking water free of the intermediate host

e. Educating the public about the need to thoroughly cook pork

d. Providing the public with drinking water free of the intermediate host

Which disease contributed to the failure of the French to complete the Panama Canal?

a. Yellow fever

b. Chagas' disease

c. Leishmaniasis

d. Scurvy

a. Yellow fever

Lymphatic filariasis is transmitted by

a. drinking contaminated water

b. wading in contaminated water

c. mosquitoes

d. triatomines

c. mosquitoes

The infestation of live vertebrate animals with fly larvae is called

a. myiasis

b. filariasis

c. cysticercosis

d. elephantiasis

a. myiasis

People get cysticercosis from:

a. drinking water contaminated with Cyclops

b. wading in contaminated water

c. eating undercooked pork

d. unsanitary food workers

d. unsanitary food workers

Slavery ended in Brazil due to

a. Yellow fever

b. The policy of 'Whitening'

c. The realization that slavery was morally wrong

d. The end of the trans-Atlantic slave trade

b. The policy of 'Whitening'

Outbreaks of yellow fever in New Orleans and Memphis were used in the U.S. as a justification to invade what country (colony)?

a. Haiti

b. Brazil

c. Mexico

d. Cuba

d. Cuba

People become parasitized by the human bot fly

a. rubbing the insect's eggs in a fresh bite wound or eyes

b. when a female bot fly deposits an egg on the person's skin

c. by being bitten by a mosquito

d. eating undercooked pork

c. by being bitten by a mosquito

The trans-Atlantic slave trade in the Caribbean region was largely driven by labor needs in what industry?

a. Subsistence farming in Haiti

b. Mining

c. Sugar

d. Spice

c. Sugar

Since 1994, dengue and DHF have

a. increased

b. decreased

c. remained unchanged

d. been eradicated

a. increased

Dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever increased greatly following World War II due in part to

a. habitat fragmentation

b. mutations that enable person to person transmission

c. the global spread of Anopheles mosquitoes

d. population growth and urbanization

e. all of the above

d. population growth and urbanization

Which event led to the yellow fever outbreak in Philadelphia in 1793?

a. The Industrial Revolution in England

b. The Haitian revolution

c. The Cuban revolution

d. The Tamil uprising

b. The Haitian revolution

The most dangerous form of malaria is caused by

a. Plasmodium vivax

b. P. malariae

c. P. ovale

d. P. falciparum

d. P. falciparum

Farming societies tended to dominate hunter/gatherer societies because

a. They were less prone to non-crowd diseases

b. They were less prone to crowd diseases

c. More efficient food production allowed for larger population sizes and a military advantage

d. They were racially superior

c. More efficient food production allowed for larger population sizes and a military advantage

Which of the following diseases are caused by multicellular animals called nematodes?

a. GWD, filariasis

b. filariasis, malaria

c. trypanosomiasis, malaria

d. TB, GWD

a. GWD, filariasis

Survival of an initial infection by the yellow fever virus results in long-term immunity but surviving an initial infection by dengue virus sets the individual up for a serious and potentially fatal subsequent infection because

a. There are multiple serotypes of dengue virus

b. There are multiple serotypes of yellow fever virus

c. Dengue patients tend to be poorer than yellow fever patients

d. Yellow fever patients tend to be poorer than dengue patients

a. There are multiple serotypes of dengue virus

Leishmaniases and filariasis have been increasing in recent years due in large part to

a. the increase in periurban slums

b. insecticide resistant mosquitoes

c. drug resistant parasites

d. wars

a. the increase in periurban slums

People get cysticercosis from

a. mosquitoes

b. wading in contaminated water

c. eating undercooked pork

d. unsanitary food workers

d. unsanitary food workers

The most dangerous form of leishmaniasis is

a. visceral

b. mucocutaneous

c. diffuse

d. cutaneous

a. visceral

Leishmaniasis was present in both the Old and New Worlds because

a. It was transported from the OW to the NW by the slave trade

b. It was transported from the OW to the NW by Spanish conquistadors

c. It probably evolved prior to the breakup of Pangaea

d. It probably arose separately in the OW and NW

c. It probably evolved prior to the breakup of Pangaea

Which of the following is true of Glossina biology?

a. one offspring is produced at a time

b. larvae develop in a 'uterus' and feed from a milk gland

c. all larval nutrition comes from mother's milk

d. all of the above

none of the above

d. all of the above

What is the major contemporary impact of Leishmaniasis in Afghanistan, Algeria, Brazil, Iran, Peru, Saudi Arabia and Sudan?

a. It has caused a massive migration of people from rural areas to poverty-stricken urban areas.

b. It has caused political instability by reducing the agricultural labor force.

c. It is a general drag on the economies by increasing morbidity and mortality on the general work force.

d. All of the above

e. None of the above.

c. It is a general drag on the economies by increasing morbidity and mortality on the general work force.

The first publication claiming that mosquitoes were the vectors of yellow fever was

a. 1898 by Gorgas

b. 1881 by Finlay

c. 1902 by Guiteras

d. 1898 by Carter

b. 1881 by Finlay

Why did European attempts to subdue the rebellion in Haiti fail?

a. The British and French troops suffered staggering losses from yellow fever.

b. The British and French troops fought against each other instead of against the rebels.

c. The British and French troops consumed too much rum.

d. The French troops were excessively brutal toward the Haitian people.

a. The British and French troops suffered staggering losses from yellow fever.

In 1775 the most lucrative colonial possession in the world was

a. the thirteen American colonies

b. on the island of St. Domingue

c. Maryland

d. Tortuga

b. on the island of St. Domingue

Initially, the Spanish paid the Portuguese to import African slaves to Hispaniola to

a. plant sugarcane

b. harvest sugarcane

c. pan for gold

d. work as subsistence cultivators

c. pan for gold

The most dangerous form of leishmaniasis is

a. visceral

b. mucocutaneous

c. diffuse

d. cutaneous

a. visceral

Smallpox was so devastating in the New World because:

a. Mortality rates were so high that there were few left to tend to the sick

b. there were fewer types of human leukocyte antigens than in European populations.

c. it was a virgin-soil epidemic.

d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Chagas' disease is best treated in which stage?

a. Acute

b. Indeterminate

c. Latent

d. Chronic

a. Acute

Leishmaniasis was present in both the Old and New Worlds because

a. It was transported from the OW to the NW by the slave trade

b. It was transported from the OW to the NW by Spanish conquistadors

c. It probably evolved prior to the breakup of Pangaea

d. It probably arose separately in the OW and NW

c. It probably evolved prior to the breakup of Pangaea

Which of the following diseases often cause severe social stigmatization in addition to health problems?

a. lymphatic filariasis, mucocutaneous leishmaniasis

b. TB, pneumonia

c. TB, malaria

d. African trypanosomiasis, pneumonia

a. lymphatic filariasis, mucocutaneous leishmaniasis

What is the major contemporary impact of Leishmaniasis in Afghanistan, Algeria, Brazil, Iran, Peru, Saudi Arabia and Sudan?

a. It has caused a massive migration of people from rural areas to poverty-stricken urban areas.

b. It has caused political instability by reducing the agricultural labor force.

c. It is a general drag on the economies by increasing morbidity and mortality on the general work force.

d. All of the above

e. None of the above.

. It is a general drag on the economies by increasing morbidity and mortality on the general work force.

Leishmaniases and filariasis have been increasing in recent years due in large part to

a. the increase in periurban slums

b. insecticide resistant mosquitoes

c. drug resistant parasites

d. wars

a. the increase in periurban slums

What is the major contemporary impact of Leishmaniasis in Afghanistan, Algeria, Brazil, Iran, Peru, Saudi Arabia and Sudan?

a. It has caused a massive migration of people from rural areas to poverty-stricken urban areas.

b. It has caused political instability by reducing the agricultural labor force.

c. It is a general drag on the economies by increasing morbidity and mortality on the general work force.

d. All of the above

e. None of the above.

c. It is a general drag on the economies by increasing morbidity and mortality on the general work force.

In the U.S., the greatest threat of contracting Chagas' disease is through

a. contaminated food

b. mosquitoes

c. triatomine bugs

d. blood transfusions

d. blood transfusions

T/F: Smallpox virus has no known animal reservoirs.

T

T/F Vulcanization was invented by Charles Goodyear.

T

T/F The production of sugar from sugar cane was first developed in Jamaica.

F

T/F Smallpox virus was eradicated from the wild in 1879.

F

T/F Porotic hyperostosis is the skeletal manifestation in adulthood of childhood anemia and is evidence of nutrient-deficiency disease in the Mayans of the Classic Period.

T

T/F Smallpox virus has been used as a biological weapon.

T

T/F Scurvy is a nutritional deficiency caused by Chagas disease.

F

T/F Henry Wickham stole rubber seeds from Brazil and shipped them to southeast Asia.

F

T/F Sugar plantation workers in Barbados were exclusively slaves from Africa

F

T/F The depopulation of the new world by yellow fever contributed to the development of the transatlantic slave trade.

F?

T/F The majority of Africans enslaved to work on sugar plantations in Barbados and Jamaica were born into slavery in the new world.

F

T/F The French called their colony on the Island of Hispaniola Haiti

F

T/F The Olmecs were the mother civilization of Mesoamerica

T

T/F The rubber euphoria in Brazil lasted from 1870 to ~ 1910, and then ended due to rubber production in the British colonies in southeast Asia.

T