Organic Chemistry Nomenclature

cycloalkanes 

\- alkanes forming a ring  \n - use the "cyclo "prefix to specify 

Properties of Alkanes 

\- unreactive  \n - boiling/melting point increases with size  \n - intermolecular forces are weak 

Crackling

\- reaction for alkane \n - large alkane + H2 >(heat)> smaller alkane 

Refroming

small alkane >(heat)> large alkane + H2

Halogenation 

\- replacing H with a halogen 

Isomers

different molecules wiht the same moolecular formula 

Structural Isomers

\- different pattern of atoms attachment 

Alkenes

\- C=C double bonds  \n - aliphatic and unsaturated  \n - more reactive than alkanes 

Alkynes

\- known as acetylenes  \n - aliphatic, unsaturated  \n - CC triple bond  \n - more reactive than alkenes  \n - ending -yne 

Geometric Isomerism

\- cis: same side  \n - trans: opposite side 

Alcohol

* OH ending
* ol ending

3 types of Alcohols

* primary
* secondary
* tertiary

Polyalcohols

* alcohols containing one or more hydroxyl groups

Properties of Alcohols

* higher boiling points than parent alkanes
* more soluble than their parent alkanes
* properties are due to the presence of H-bonding

Hydration Reaction (Alcohol)

* alkene + water > alcohol

Combustion of Alcohols

* alcohol + oxygen > water + CO2

Ethers

* C-O-C


* ending -oxy, -ane

Properties of Ethers

* do not for, hydrogen bonds
* more polar than hydrocarbons of the dipole

Condensation Reactions

* reaction of 2 alcohols and the elimination of a water molecule

Hydrogenation

* adding H2
* converts unsaturated molecule to saturated
* alkene/alkyne +H2 > alkane

Halogenation

* adding halogens (F,Cl, Br, I)

Hydrohalogenation

* adding HX
* when adding a polar reagent to double or triple bond the positive part attaches to the carbon with the most H’s

Hydration Reaction

* adding H2O
* converts hydrocarbon into an alcohol

Markovnikov’s rule

* in addition reaction HX to an alkene or alkyne.
* The hydrogen atom of HX becomes bonded to the carbon atom that had the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne

Reactions of Aromatic Hydrocarbons

* undergo substitution reactions
* ex. benzene + Br2 >(catalyst)> benzen bromide

Properties of Organic Halides

* bonds between C and halogens are more polar
* more soluble in polar solvent than and have higher boiling points
* More halogenated = more polar

Aldehydes

* C = O
* alkyl group bonded to a carbonyl group with a hydrogen atom
* -al ending

Ketones

* two alcohol groups attached to a central carbonyl group
* -one ending

Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones

* low boiling points
* less soluble than alcohols
* aldehydes and ketones can mix with both polar and non polar substances

Oxidation reaction

* loss of electrons
* loss of hydrogens
* gain of oxygens

Reduction Reaction

* gain of electrons
* gain of hydrogens


* loss of oxygens

Preparing an Aldehyde

* Primary Alcohol + Oxidizing agent > aldehyde + water

Preparing a Ketone

* secondary alcohol + oxidizing agent > Ketone + Water

Carboxylic Acids

* (R-COOH)
* -oic acid ending

Properties of Carboxylic acids

* highly polar molecules
* high boiling points than alkanes
* small = soluble, large = insoluble
* conduct electricity

Preparing Carboxylic acid

1. alcohol + (O) > Aldehyde + H2O
2. aldehyde + (O) > Carboxylic acid

\

Esters

* (R-COO-R)
* formed when carboxylic reacts with an alcohol
* -oate ending

Properties of Esters

* carbonyl group makes esters more polar, but less polar thean carboxylic acids (lack -OH group, therefore no H-bonding)
* less soluble in water
* low melting and boiling point
* small esters = soluable at (ST), large esters = insoluable

Esterification

* carboxylic acid + alcohol > ester + water

Reaction of Esters

* Hydrolysis produces an acid and an alcohol
* ester + base > carboxylic acid + alcohol

Amines

* (R-NH2)


* amino is put in front of the name of the parent chain
* ex. aminomethane

Properties of AMines

* primary & Secondary are very polar due to N-H
* high boiling & melting points than similar sized ethers
* smaller amines are soluble in water

Preparing amines

* primary amines;
* ammonia + alkyl halide > amine + HX
* secondary amines
* primary amine + alkyl halide > secondary amine + HX
* Tertiary amine
* secondary amine + alkyl halide > tertiary
* amine + HX

fractional distillation

* amines can be isolated based on boiling points or specific synthesis methods

Amides

* (R=O-C-N-R)
* -amide ending

Preparing amides

* carboxyclic acids + (1st & 2nd) amine > amide

Properties of amides

* polar carbonyl group with one -NH group can form strong hydrogen bonds
* high boiling points than their corresponding hydrocarbon derivatives
* weak bases that are insoluble