APUSH - Final Part 4(Chapter 13-15)

"Manifest Destiny"

Many Americans viewed the continuing westward expansion and the acquisition of territory outside of North America as destined by God and History

Some people further justified US expansion through arguments about the superiority of White Americans

Reflected the pride that characterized American nationalism in the mid-nineteenth century

America is destined to expand its boundaries over a vast area by God and by history

Had an explicitly racial justification - the American Race is superior

Advocates disagreed about how far and by what means the nation should expand

Henry Clay

Along with other prominent politicians, feared(correctly) that territorial expansion would reopen the painful controversy over slavery and threaten the stability of the Union

Propsed the basis of the compromise of 1850, but it was passed in parts, not in one bill as ___ suggested.

Stephen F. Austin

The most successful American intermediary who helped attract settlers to Mexico

From Missouri

These intermediaries were given sizable land grants from Mexico in return for promising to bring settlers into the region

Established the first legal American settlement in Texas in 1822

______ and other intermediaries were effective in recruiting American immigrants to Texas but they created centers of power in the region that competed with the Mexican government

_____ and his followers wanted to reach a settlement with Mexico that would give Texas more autonomy within the Mexican Republic but other Americans wanted to fight for independence

He was imprisoned in Mexico city because the Mexican government claimed that he was encouraging revolts.

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

Seized power in Mexico as a dictator and imposed stricter laws on Texas

He increased the power of national government in Mexico and decreased the power of State governments in Texas

After the American settlers proclaimed their independence from Mexico in 1836 ______ led a large army into Texas where the American settlers failed to defend their new "nation"

Alamo

A group of Texas Patriots led a futile defense against the Mexican forces at a churchhouse

Sam Houston

After the rebellion seemed to have fallen apart this general kept a small force together

At the Battle of San Jacinto, he defeated the Mexican army and took Santa Anna Prisoner

Near Present day Houston

He became the new president of Texas

One of his first acts as president was to send a delegate to Washington with an offer to join the union

There were supporters that wanted expansions and had been supporting the revolt against Mexico, but there was also opposition

Opposers were usually northerners who didn't want to increase the Southern votes in Congress and didn't want to acquire a large new slave territory.

Battle of San Jacinto

General Sam Houston defeated the Mexican army and took Santa Anna prisoner

American troops killed many of the Mexican soldiers in retribution for the executions at Goliad

Santa Anna under pressure from his captors, signed a treaty giving Texas independence

The Mexican government took back the treaty but after briefly occupying San Antonio, were unable to win Texas back.

John Tyler

President from 1841 to 1845

After Texas got support from European nations that wanted to counter the growing power of America(Europe and France) he persuaded Texas to apply for statehood again in 1844

Calhouns proposal for the annexation was met with opposition from the North and the Texas question quickly became the central issue in the election of 1844

California Gold Rush

Began with the discovery of gold in California in 1848

Attracted many single men to the West, which changed the pattern of mostly family migration

Many migrants hoped for quick riches through gold mining which caused a significant increase in westward migration to California

James K. Polk

A Democrat and the 11th US president

He had previously been the Speaker of the House and the governor of Tennessee

______ had clear goals when he entered office: Annex Texas, settle the Oregon boundary and acquire California

He achieved all these goals

Zachary Taylor

He was the general of the forces that Polk sent to protect Texas from a possible Mexican invasion

He led US forces in the early battles of the Mexican War, including the capture Monterrey

_____ allwoed the Mexican garrison to evacuate Monterrey which made Polk reconsider his appointment

John Slidell

He was sent by Polk as a last resort to negotiate the purchase of California and New Mexico

Mexico rejected the offer leading to increased tensions and eventually war

The war would start because Polk ordered his troops to move towards Mexico

Stephen W. Kearny

A U.S. Army officer who captured Santa Fe and helped secure Claifornia

He played a role in the Bear Flag Revolution after capturing Santa Fe

He bright the AMerican forces together and completed the conquest of California

John C. Fremont

________ led an exploring party in California and helped stage the beginnings of the Bear Flag Revolution

He was told that if he started a revolution he would have the support of the US government

Worked with Kearny to secure California for the US

Winfield Scott

The general of the US Army during the Mexican war

He led the successful campaign to capture Mexico City, which ended the war

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Negotiated by Nicholas Trist

Ended the Mexican-American war

Polk was not satisfied because he didn't acquire additional territory in Mexico

Contrast between expansionalists who wanted more of Mexico and antislavery leaders thinking that expansionists wanted to extend slavery to new realms

Wilmot Proviso

A proposal to prohibit slavery in any territory gained from Mexico after the Mexican war

Passed the house but failed in the Senate

Southerners strongly opposed ot, arguing that all Americans had the right to bring their "property" into new territories

"Popular sovereignty"

The idea that the people of each territory should decide for themselves whether or not to allow slavery

Also called "squatter _______"

This idea became a key part of the Compromise of 1850

Free-Soil Party

Emerged in 1848, drawing from the Liberty party and the antislavery factions of the Whig and Democratic Parties

Opposed the expansion of slavery into new territories and supported the WIlmot Proviso

Their Candidate, Martin Van Buren won 10% of the popular vote in 1848

He didn't win any state but 10 members of Congress were from the ________

Liberty Party

An early antislavery political party

Merged with other groups to form the Free-Soil party in 1848

Personal liberty laws

These laws were emerging in Northern states

These laws protected runaway enslaved people

They barred courts and police from helping return fugitives to slaveholders

The South demanded a law in response to this

Fugitive Slave Law/Act

A law that required the the return of escaped slaves to their owners

Millard Fillmore

Taylor's successor after he suddenly died

Taylor was adament that other measures culd only be discussed after California and NEw Mexico were admitted as states, this was an obstacle for the compromise

Compromise of 1850

Douglas played a key role in this

He split up the omnibus bill into many parts and linked the compromise to matters like the sale of bonds and construction of railroads

All the components of Clay's original compromise were accepted

He took several measured that had been proposed separately and combined them

Adission of Califonia as a free state

THe formation of territorial governments in the rest of the lands acquired from Mexico, without restrictions on slavery

The abolition of the slave trade, but not slavery itself in DC

A new, mroe effective fugitive slave law

A victory of "bargaining and self-interest" but members of congress still said it was a triumph of statesmanship

Ostend Manifesto

A private document sent to Pierce in 1854 from ____ Belgium

Made the case for seizing Cuba by force

When leaked to the public, it enraged antislavery Northerners

Northerners charged the administration with conspiring to bring a new slave state into the Union

Transcontinental railroad

Broad support emerged for building a ______ as the nationexpanded westward

The problem was where to locate the eastern part

Notherners favored Chicago, while Southerners supported St. Louis, Memphis, or New Orleans

This railroad became a part of the sectional struggle between the North and the South

James Gadsden/ Gadsden Purchase

A southern railroad builder

Sent to Mexico in 1853 by Jefferson Davis(Pierce's secretary of war)

Persuaded the mexican government to accept $10 million for a strip of land(now part of Arizona and New Mexico)

The land could have facilitated a southern route for the transcontinental railroad

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Introduces by Stephen Douglas in January 1854 to organize Nebraska territory

Douglas knew the SOuth would oppose it because it would prepare the way for a new free state

Status of slavery would be determined by "popular sovereignty"

Added a clause explicitly repealing the Missouri compromise

Divided the area into two new territories and Kansas became more likely to become a slave state

President Pierce supported the bill and it became law in May 1854

Republican Party

Formed in 1854 by Anti-Nebraska Democrats and Whigs

Became a major force in American politics instantly

Won enough seats in Congress in 1854 to help organize the House of Representatives

Opposed the expansion of slavery into territories

Believed in the right of all people to own property

Saw the South as the "opposite" of democracy

John Brown

An abolitionist in Kansas

Consdered himself an instrument of God's will to destroy slavery

After events in Lawrence, gathered followers and murdered five pro-slavery settlers in the Potawatomie Massacre

In 1859, with encouragement from eastern abolitionists, attacked the U.S. arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia

Planned to foment a slave insurrection but was captured by troops under Robert E. Lee

Tried in Virginia for treason, found guilty, and hanged with six followers

His raid convinced many white Southerners they couldn't live safely in the Union

Potawatomie Massacre

John Brown and six followers murdered five pro-slavery settlers

Left their mutilated bodies to discourage slavery supporters from entering Kansas

Led to more civil strife in Kansas with guerrilla warfare conducted by armed bands

"Bleeding Kansas"

A symbol of the sectional controversy between the North and South

Term for the violence and civil strife in Kansas following the Kansas-Nebraska Act

Included irregular, guerrilla warfare conducted by armed bands

Both Northerners and Southerners believed the events illustrated the aggressive actions of the other

Charles Sumner

Senator from Massachusetts

Militant and passionate opponent of slavery

In May 1856, gave a speech titled "The Crime Against Kansas"

Attacked Senator Andrew P. Butler of South Carolina with vicious language

Was severely beaten by Preston Brooks in the Senate chamber

Injuries were so severe he couldn't return to the Senate for four years

Became a Northern hero and martyr to the "barbarism of the South"

Andrew P. Butler

Senator from South Carolina

Outspoken defender of slavery

Was viciously attacked in Sumner's speech "The Crime Against Kansas"

Preston Brooks

Member of the House of Representatives from South Carolina

Nephew of Andrew P. Butler

Enraged by Sumner's speech attacking his uncle

Approached Sumner at his desk in the Senate chamber and beat him repeatedly with a heavy cane

Sumner collapsed, bleeding and unconscious

_____ was censured(disapproved of) by the House, resigned, returned to South Carolina, and was successfully reelected

Became a hero in the South

James Buchanan

Pennsylvania Democrat chosen as presidential candidate in 1856

Had been minister to England

Was 65 when inaugurated, the oldest president except William Henry Harrison

Described as timid and indecisive at a critical moment in history

Endorsed the Dred Scott decision

Supported Kansas's admission as a slave state under the Lecompton constitution

Dred Scott v. Sandford

Supreme Court case decided on March 6, 1857

One of the most controversial decisions in Supreme Court history

A stunning defeat for the antislavery movement

Declared Scott could not bring a suit in federal courts because he was not a citizen

Argued African Americans had no claim to citizenship and virtually no rights under the Constitution

Concluded Congress had no authority to prohibit slavery in territories

Ruled the Missouri Compromise had always been unconstitutional

Roger Taney

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court during the Dred Scott case

Wrote one of the majority opinions

Declared Scott could not bring a suit in federal courts because he was not a citizen

Argued African Americans had no claim to citizenship and virtually no rights under the Constitution

Concluded Congress had no authority to prohibit slavery in territories

Ruled the Missouri Compromise had always been unconstitutional

Lecompton Constitution

Pro-slavery constitution drafted by a convention in Lecompton, Kansas in 1857

Free-state residents had refused to participate in elections for delegates

Convention refused to give voters a chance to reject it

When a new territorial legislature submitted it to voters, they rejected it by more than 10,000 votes

President Buchanan pressured Congress to admit Kansas under this constitution

Stephen Douglas and western Democrats refused to support Buchanan's proposal

Congress eventually compromised: the constitution would be submitted to voters again

Kansas voters decisively rejected it again

Kansas would enter in the Union in 1861, after Lincolns election

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

Series of debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas during the 1858 Illinois Senate race

Attracted enormous crowds and received wide attention in newspapers

Lincoln's increasingly eloquent attacks on slavery made him nationally prominent

Revealed fundamental differences on slavery

Douglas appeared to have no moral position on slavery and opposed black citizenship

Lincoln believed slavery was morally wrong but was not an abolitionist

Lincoln argued African Americans were entitled to basic rights despite being inferior

Lincoln lost the election but emerged with a growing national following

U.S. arsenal in Harpers Ferry

Attacked and seized by John Brown and 18 followers

Brown hoped to foment a slave insurrection from this base

The slave uprising Brown hoped for did not occur

Brown was besieged by citizens, local militia, and U.S. troops

10 of Brown's followers were killed and him and 6 others were hung afterwards

Election of 1860

Had the most momentous consequences of any in American history

Lincoln won the presidency with a majority of electoral votes but only about two-fifths of the popular vote

Republicans failed to win a majority in Congress

Lincoln's victory became the final signal to many white Southerners that their position in the Union was hopeless

Within weeks of Lincoln's victory, the process of disunion began

Abraham Lincoln

Elected president in 1860, which triggered Southern states to secede

In his inaugural address, he stated that the Union was older than the Constitution, no state could leave, and acts supporting secession were insurrectionary.

He was committed to keeping federal property in the seceded states(Fort Sumter)

He sent the relief expedition to Sumter

He began mobilizing the North for war after Fort Sumter

When he arrived in Washington in 1861, many politicians considered him a minor politician from the prairies

Moved quickly to establish his own authority

Assembled a cabinet representing every faction of the Republican Party and Northern opinion

Used war powers of the presidency boldly, ignoring inconvenient parts of the Constitution

Used extraordinary methods to suppress opposition, including military arrests and suspension of habeas corpus

Won reelection in 1864 with 212 electoral votes to McClellan's 21

Initially supported a more conservative, gradual approach to emancipation

Most important Union military commander

Previous military experience consisted only of brief service in state militia during Black Hawk War

Successful commander in chief because he realized numbers and resources were on his side

Took advantage of the North's material advantages

Understood the proper objective was destruction of Confederate armies, not occupation of territory

Had a good grasp of strategy, which many of his generals did not

Plagued by problem of finding adequate commanders for the first three years of the war

Tried repeatedly from 1861-1864 to find a chief of staff capable of orchestrating the Union war effort

Removed Pope from command after Second Bull Run and put McClellan in charge

Removed McClellan from command for good in November 1862

Preferred direct overland route to Richmond rather than McClellan's roundabout approach

Secession

The term for the withdrawal of southern states from the Union

South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas all _____ before Fort Sumter

Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee ______ after Fort Sumter

Confederate States of America

A new nation formed by the 7 seceded states

Representatives of these states met in Montgomery, Alabama to announce their formation

They immediately seized federal property within their boundaries

James Buchanan

The president when secession began(lame-duck period)

Told Congress that no state had the right to secede but suggested that the federal government had no authority to stop a state if it did secede

After Lincolns election, did little to stop secession

He refused to surrender Fort Sumter

He sent a ship with troops and supplies to Fort Sumter which was turned back by Confederate guns

Fort Sumter

In the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina

Major Robert Anderson was stationed here

Union forces here faced dwindling supplies as Confederates blockaded Charleston harbor

Turned back a ship with essential supplies that Lincoln sent and started the bombardment of the fort

Anderson surrendered 2(.5) days later

This marked the beginning of the civil war

Union advantages

Population more than twice as large as the South's(4x the nonslave population)

More manpower for armies and workforce

Their industry was able to manufacture almost all its own war materials by 1862

Better transportation system, 2x as many railroads and more telegraphs

Confederacy advantages

Fighting a defensive war on its own land with local support and familiarity with the territory

Their whole population was committed to the war

The other side's opinion about the war was divided with shaky support

A major Southern victory may have broken the North's will

Many Southerners believed that England and France would intervene due to their dependence on American cotton

"Peace Democrats"/ "Copperheads"

Democrats that were opposed to the war

They were called ______ by their opponents

They feared that the agricultural west was losing influence compared to the industrial East and believed that the Republicans were eroding states' rights

Lincoln used extraordinary methods to suppress them, including military arrests

New York City Draft Riot

Occurred after the first names were selected for conscription

"Rich man's war, poor man's fight"

More than 100 people died and Irish workers were at the center of the violence

Rioters blamed African Americans for the war, they lynched them and burned African American homes and businesses

Lincoln's 'stretching' of the Constitution

Lincoln ignored parts of the Constitution he considered "inconvenient"

He believed that it would be foolish to "lose the whole by being afraid to disregard a part"

He sent troops into battle without asking Congress for a declaration of war

Increased the size of the regular army without legislative authority

Proclaimed a naval blockade of the South

Ordered military arrests of civilian dissenters

Suspended the right of habeas corpus

Border states

Slave states that did not secede from the union

Lincoln suspended habeas corpus in these states

It was important to lincoln that these states did not secede from the union

Clement L. Vallandigham

the most prominent copperhead in the country

Ohio Congressman

He was exiled to the Confederacy after making a speech claiming that the purpose of the war was to free African Americans and enslave white people

Ex parte Merryman

A writ issued by Chief Justice Taney requiring Lincoln to release an imprisoned Maryland secessionist leader

Maryland was a border state

Lincoln ignored the writ

Ex parte Milligan

A supreme court ruling that military trials in areas where civil courts existed were unconstitutional

Came after the war ended

Union Party

Created by Republican leaders

In reality, it was the Republican party and the few War Democrats that were in the Union

War Democrats

Democrats who supported the war

They joined the Union Party

Andrew Johnson was a ________

Andrew Johnson

__________ was a War Democrat from Tennessee who opposed his state's decision to secede

He was nominated by the Union Party for vice president in 1864

George B. McClellan

A former Union General who had been "fired" by Lincoln

Nominated by the Democrats for president in 1864

He didn't support the Democratic platform for a truce but was still seen as representing the "peace" party

Young commander who replaced Winfield Scott

Commander of the Union armies in the East (Army of the Potomac)

Proud and arrogant

Had a wholly inadequate grasp of strategy

Radical Republicans

Led in congress by Thaddeus Stevens, Charles Sumner and Benjamin Wafe

Wanted to use the war to abolish slavery immediately and completely

Disagreed with more conservative Republicans who favored a slower more gradual process

Lincoln would eventually start to support their view after their influence in the party began to rise

Thaddeus Stevens

Member of the House from Pennsylvania

One of the leaders of the Radical Republicans in Congress

Wanted to use the war to abolish slavery immediately and completely

Charles Sumner

Senator from Massachusetts

One of the leaders of the Radical Republicans in Congress

Wanted to use the war to abolish slavery immediately and completely

Battle of Antietam

After this Union Victory Lincoln announced his intention to issue an executive order to free all enslaved people in the confederacy(emancipation proclamation)


Bloodiet single-day engagement of the war

Jackson’s troops arrived to reinforce Lee as the line was about to break and McClellan allowed Lee to retreat into virginia: “oppurtunity squandered”

McClellan was removed from command after this battle

Emancipation Proclamation

Declared the enslaved people in all areas of the Confederacy free except those already under Union control: Tennessee, western Virginia, and southern Louisiana

Issued after Antietam

Did not apply to border states

Clearly established that the war was being fought not only to preserve the Union but also to eliminate slavery

Enslaved people were only freed after the federal armies occupied areas in the south

Formally signed by Lincoln on January 1, 1863

13th Amendment

The final step to abolishing slavery was ratified in 1865, after the war

Abolished slavery as an institution in all parts of the United States

54th Massachusetts Infantry

The most well-known African American regiment in the Union army

Had a white commander, Rober Gould Shaw

Shaw and more than half of this regiment died in a battle near Charleston, South Carolina in the summer of 1863

Jefferson Davis

The president of the Confederacy from Mississippi

Had been a moderate secessionist before the war

Was an unsuccessful president but a "reasonably able administrator"

He dominated the governemnt with little interference from cabinet members

Served as his own secretary of war

He rarely provided national leadership

He was from the West

Was named by the Confederate Constitutional Convention in Montgomery

Unlike Lincoln, was a trained professional soldier

Failed to create an effective command system

Named Lee as principal military adviser in early 1862

Had no intention of sharing control of strategy with anyone

Planned strategy alone for two years after Lee left to command forces in the field

Made clear to Lee that he expected to continue to make all basic decisions

Alexander H. Stephens

He was the Vice president of the Confederacy from Georgia

He had argued against secession before the war

Was named by the Confederate Constitutional Convention in Montgomery

States' rights

A major source of division in the South

Many white Southerners ignored national authority, even when it was necessary for the war

States' rights advocates restricted Davis's ability to impose martial law and suspend habeas corpus and blocked conscription

Governors like Joseph Brown of Georgia and Zebulon M. Vance of North Carolina tried to keep their troops separate from Confederate forces

These governors also insisted on hoarding supplies for their own states' militias

Many white people refused to recognize the Confederate government as a whole and refused to serve in the Southern army

Despite all this, by the end of the war, the confederate governmetn was larger than its counterpart in Washington

The Confederacy seized control of railroads and shipping, imposed regulations on industry, and limited corporate profits

The confederacy became increasingly like the North

Blockade

The northern naval ______ became effective in 1862

Caused massive shortages of almost everything in the south

COntributed to food shortages since the South did not grow enough food to meet its own needs

Made the sale of cotton overseas much more difficult

Production in the south declined by ⅓ while increasing in the North

Army of the Potomac

The name for Union armies in the East

They were initially commanded by George B. McClellan

Ulysses S. Grant

Appointed by Lincoln as commander of the war effort in March 1864

He shared Lincoln's belief of making enemy armies and resources the target of military efforts rather than enemy territory

Lincoln trusted _____ and gave him a relatively free hand, but the general always submitted plans for approval

His military philosophy relied on constant unrelenting assault

He was willing to fight when other Northern generals held back

He was one of the officers who could see beyond the basic academic training and envision a new kind of warfare focusing on the destruction of resources

Led attack on Fort Henry, whose defenders surrendered with almost no resistance

Took Fort Donelson, gaining control of river communications

Advanced to Shiloh where his forces were surprised by Johnston and Beauregard

Recovered lost ground at Shiloh with reinforcements and forced Beauregard to withdraw

Drove at Vicksburg in spring 1863, eventually capturing it after a prolonged siege

Came to rescue of Union forces at Chattanooga

Became general in chief of all Union armies by 1864

Planned two great offensives for 1864: his Army of the Potomac toward Richmond and Sherman's army toward Atlanta

Relied on North's advantage in troops and material resources to overwhelm the South

Not afraid to absorb massive casualties as long as he was inflicting similar casualties on opponents

Changed strategy after Cold Harbor, moving toward Petersburg

Met with Lee at Appomattox Court House to accept his surrender

Committee on the Conduct of the War

A Joint investigative committee of the two houses of Congress

The most powerful voice that the legislative branch has ever had in war policies

Established in December 1861 and chaired by Senator Bejamin F. Wade of Ohio

Complained about the insufficient ruthlessness of Northern generals and said that this was because of a secret sympathy for slavery

Their efforts often seriously interfered with the conduct of the war

Robert E. Lee

Named as Davis's military advisor in 1862

Left Richmond(capitol) after a few months to command forces in the field

Named general in chief in Feburary 1865, however Davis expected to continue making all the basic decisions

He opposed secession and was ambivalent about slavery : was a moderate by the standards of Southern politics in the 1850s

He couldn't bring himslef to break with his region, which is why he was in the confederacy

He was the most famous of all white Southern leaders of the Civil War

Replaced wounded Johnston outside Richmond

Recalled Jackson from Shenandoah Valley to join forces against McClellan

Launched the Battle of the Seven Days offensive against McClellan

Led Army of Northern Virginia to victory at Second Bull Run

Moved north through western Maryland, facing McClellan at Antietam

Repulsed Burnside's attacks at Fredericksburg

Divided his forces for a dual assault at Chancellorsville despite being outnumbered

Proposed invasion of Pennsylvania, hoping to divert Union troops and possibly gain European aid

Lost nearly a third of his army at Gettysburg and withdrew

Kept his army between Grant and Richmond during the 1864 campaign

Came to Petersburg's relief when Grant threatened it

He was a symbol of the "Lost Cause" after his surrender at Appomattox

William Tecumseh Sherman

One of the most successful union generals in the Civil War

He was one of the officers who could see beyond the basic academic training and envision a new kind of warfare focusing on the destruction of resources rather than seizing territory

Commanded western army under Grant in 1864

Advanced toward Atlanta against Confederate forces under Johnston

Took Atlanta on September 2, 1864 after Hood replaced Johnston

Did not pursue Hood when he moved toward Tennessee

Left Atlanta to begin March to the Sea

Believed war "is all hell" and should be made as horrible as possible for opponents

Captured Savannah and offered it to Lincoln as a Christmas gift

Continued destructive march northward through South Carolina

Johnston surrendered to him near Durham, North Carolina, nine days after Lee surrendered to Grant

Merrimac/Virginia

A Confederate Ironclad warship

Created by plating the former with iron

Union soldiers scuttled(destroyed) the merriac in Norfolk harbor when Virginia seceded

After it was plated and renaimed it left Norfolk to attack a blockading squadran of wooden ships at Hampton Roads

Destroyed 2 of the Union ships and scattered the rest

Monitor

A union ironclad ship

Arived after the Virginia's acts at Hampron Roads

Met the Virginia in the frist battle between ironclad ships

Neither vessel was able to sink the other, however this put and end to the Virginia's raids and preserved the blockade

William Seward

The Union secretary of state

Became one of the grat American secretaries of state

Played a key role in foreign policy/keeping Britain and France from recognizing the Confederacy

Trent affair

A crisis in late 1861

Confederate diplomats James M. Mason and John Slidell slipped through the Union blockade to Cuba

They boarded an english boat(Trent) for England

American warship San Jacinto stopped Trent

Wilkes arrested the diplomats

THe British government demanded the release of the prisoners and an apology

Lincoln and Seward knew that Wilkes violated maritime law and stalled the negotiations until the public cooled down

They eventually released the diplomats with an indirect apology

Manassas/First Battle of Bull Run

The first major battle of the Civil war in July 1861 in Northern Virginia

McDowell almost succeeded in dispersing Confederate forces under Beauregard

Southerners began a counterattack that the Union troops were not expecting

The Union troops panicked and retreated chaotically to Washington among civillians

The COnfederates, who were disorganized by their unexpected victory did not pursue the Union troops

This was a severe blow to the morale of the Union and Lincoln's confidence in his officers

This dispelled the union illusion that the war would be brief

David G. Farragut

Commanded a Union squadron of ironclads and wooden ships

Gathered his forces in the Gulf of Mexico before proceeding to New ORleans

Smashed past weak COnfederate forts near the Mouth of Mississippi

New Orleans

THe largest city and most important banking center of the South

Captured by union "navy" under Farrgut in April 1862

First major Union victory and an important turning point in the war

Closed the mouth of the Mississippi to Confederate trade

Battle of Shiloh

Fought in ____, Tennessee

Grant's union force was caught by surprise by Johnston and Beauregard's Forces

Johnston was killed during the first day of fighting

Despite this confederates frove Grant back to the river

Grant was reinforced by 25,000 fresh troops on the second day and proceeded to revoer the lost ground and force Beauregard to withdraw

Peninsular Campaign

A campaign designed by McClellan to capture Richmond

Instead of using a direct overland route toward Richmond McClellan chose a roundabout route

The navy carried his troops down the Potomac to a peninsula east of Richmond between the York and James Rivers

McClellan began with only part of his army(100,000) and another 30,000 stayed behind under McDowell to protect Washington

Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson

A confederate general who led forces in the Valley Campaign

He staged a march through the valley which made it appear like he was going to attack Washington

Later recalled from the Valley by Lee to join forces against McClellan

Separated from Lee's army to attack Harpers Ferry during the Antietam campaign

Wounded during the Battle of Chancellorsville and subsequently died of pneumonia

Lee's "ablest officer"

Battle of the Seven Days

Lees new offensive, combined forces of Lee and Jackson

He wanted to cut McClellan off from his base on the York River and destroy the isolated Union army

McClellan and the Army of the Potomac fought their way across the peninsula and set up a new base on the James River where it received naval support and was safe

Vicksburg

Mississippi stronghold and one of the COnfederacy's two remaining strongholds on the southern Mississippi River

Well protected

Targeted by Grant in 1863

Grant oved moved his men and supplies south of the city and attacked them from behind

They surrendered after a 6-week siege that left the residents starving

Battle of Gettysburg

The most celebrated battle of the war

Fought in Pennsylvania, Lee hoped to distract Union troops and surpirse them by attacking union territory

Lees army(75000) was outnumbered by Meade's(90,000)

Lee's first assould on Cemetary Ridge failed

His second larger effort which was known as Pickett's Charge also failed

Lee lost nearly a third of his army

Lee withdre the same day as the surrender of Vicksburg

This was a major turning point in the war and was the last time that the COnfederate forces threatened Norhtern territory

March to the Sea

Sherman's famous campaign after leaving Atlanta

His army cut a sixty-mile wide "swath of desolation" across georgia on the way to Savannah

They lived of the land and destroyed supply sthey couldn't use

They wanted to deprive the Confederate army of amterials and railroad communications

They also aimed to break the will of Southern people by burning towns and plantations

Offerred Savannah to Lincoln as a "Christmas Gift"

Appomattox Court House Small town in Virginia where Lee surrendered to Grant after trying to link up with Johnston and being blocked by Union forces

He surrendered what was left of his forces here on April 9, 1865

9 days later Johnston Surrendered to Sherman near Durham North Carolina

Davis refused to accept defeat and was eventually captured in Georgia

SOme southerners also continued to fight but their resistance collapsed very quickly

Appomattox Court House

Small town in Virginia where Lee surrendered to Grant after trying to link up with Johnston and being blocked by Union forces

He surrendered what was left of his forces here on April 9, 1865

9 days later Johnston Surrendered to Sherman near Durham North Carolina

Davis refused to accept defeat and was eventually captured in Georgia

SOme southerners also continued to fight but their resistance collapsed very quickly

Moderate Republicans

Positioned between Conservatives and Radicals

Rejected the extreme measures of the Radicals

However, they supported obtaining some rights for African Americans

Reconstruction

A period of rebuilding and reintegrating Southern states into the Union after the Civil War

It was significantly impacted by party politics

Republicans were concerned about accidentally reuniting the Democrats and losing the progress they had made

Many Northerners wanted to punish the South and industrialize it

The rights of freed African Americans played a big role

Freedmen

The name for freed slaves

Many left plantations after the war and looked for family members or lef the south entirely

They didn't own property, but were able to create their own communities with churches and schools

They wanted the end of slavery, equal rights, and independence from white control

13th Amendment

Abolished slavery everywhere in December 1865

Freedmen's Bureau

An army agency that was directed by Oliver O. Howard

Worked to help former enslaved people

Distributed food, established schools and attempts to settle African Americans on land they owned

Also provided assistance to poor white people

Only operated for 1 year and was too small to effectively address the massive problems in Southern society

Extended in response to the Black Codes and give more power

Conservative Republicans

They wanted the abolition of slavery

However, they proposed minimal conditions for readmitting Southern states and favored a lenient approach to Reconstruction

Lincoln somewhat supported them

Radical Republicans

Led by Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner

They wanted to punish confederate leaders and disenfranchise white Southerners

They wanted to protect the legal rights of the freedmen and potentially give them suffrage

The proposed confiscating property from the wealthy confederate supporters in the South

Thaddeus Stevens

A representative from Pennsylvania who was a leading figure among Radical Republicans

Charles Sumner

A Senator from Massachusetts that was a prominent Radical Republican leader