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genetics
the study of heredity
purebred
An organism that is the offspring of parents with similar genetic makeups; usually the result of many generations of such breeding.
hybrid
An offspring of 2 genetically unrelated individuals.
dominant
Refers to the characteristic that is expressed, even when a recessive gene is present.
recessive
Refers to the characteristic that is masked when a dominant gene is present.
phenotype
The way an organism looks (its physical characteristics).
genotype
The specific factors (genes) an organism contains in its genetic makeup.
What kind of plants did Mendel use in his experiments?
pea plants
In Mendel’s experiment, was the F1 generation produced from purebred or hybrid cross?
It was a cross between two purebred pea plants.
How did Mendel represent factors for dominant traits?
with capital letters
One dominant traits most of the girls in our house have.
brown eyes
Punnett squares
A diagram used to visualize genetic crosses.
gametes
A haploid cell that contains only one of each type of chromosome found in a organism; an egg or sperm.
imcomplete dominance
A type of inheritance in which the genes expressing a particular characteristic is neither dominant nor recessive; both genes influence the characteristic of an organism.
codominance
A type of inheritance pattern where the dominant and recessive traitsare both expressed.
multiple gene inheritance
2 or more gene pairs producing a single trait.
X chromosomes
The female sex chromosome.
Y chromosomes
The male sex chromosome.
A sex-linked trait
A characteristic that has a gene on the X chromosome but no gene on the Y chromosome.
carriers
An individual that possesses a gene for a specific trait, even if he does not exhibit that trait.
inherited disorders
An abnormal characteristic passed on through genes.
How many chromosomes does a normal human cell have?
46 (23 pairs)
What are Mendel’s factors called today?
genes
What do the letters that are placed along the top and side of a Punnett square represent?
Letter representing the possible gametes from one parent are placed a long the top, and those from the other parents are placed along one side.
Explain the difference between incomplete dominance and codominance.
Incomplete dominance occurs when traits combine or blend together to form a new, different trait in the offspring; codominance occurs when both dominant and recessive traits are expressed in the offspring.
What does it mean when a trait is sex-linked
The gene for an inherited trait is on the X chromosome but not on theY chromosome.
Through his research, Mendel determined that were…
2 factors for each trait
If an Rr dog mates with another Rr dog, what possible combinations might the puppies have?
some of each, RR, Rr, and rr
Suppose that for cats, long hair is dominant and short hair is recessive. If a hybrid cat mates with a purebred short-haired cat, what possible combinations could you expect?
some kittens with short hair and some with long hair
Two traits blending to produce a different trait is an example of ___.
incomplete dominance
True/False. The number of boxes in a Punnett square shows how many offspring will be produced.
False. The boxes show the possible outcomes of the traits.
When a single trait, such as hair color, is controlled by more than one gene, that is called ____.
multiple gene inheritance
What chromosome do human males have that females do not have?
Y chromosome
Abnormal traits that are passed on through the genes are called ____.
inherited disorders
True/False. Most people who are born with a handicap are being punished for a sin their parents committed.
False. Ezekiel 18:20 tells us, “The soul who sins is the one who will die. The son will not share the guilt of the father, nor will the father share the guilt of the son.” This verse clearly shows that punishment for one’s sins is borne by that person.
Mendel noticed that some traits were recessive while others were ____.
dominant
True/False. The way an organism looks, or its physical characteristics, is referred to as its genotype.
False. It’s referred to as its phenotype.
If dimples are a dominant trait and you have one dominant and one recessive gene, would you have dimples?
Yes
Mendel’s work was published but not fully understood or appreciated…
during his lifetime
True/False. The number of chromosomes in a cell is directly related to the cell’s size. The larger the cell is, the higher its chromosome number is.
False. The usual number of chromosomes inside every cell of your body is 46 total chromosomes, or 23 pairs. You inherit half of your chromosomes from your biological mother, and the other half from your biological father.
During sexual reproduction, half the chromosomes come from the sperm cell and other half are from the ____.
egg
A Punnett square is used to show how the possible combinations of which - chromosomes, gametes, or genes?
gametes
Whose chromosomes actually determine whether a human baby will be male or female?
the father’s
A person or organism that has the gene for a certain trait but does not express it is called a ____.
carrier
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