AP Science Test Genetics

Alleles

Genes controlling a trait

Heterozygous

The Alleles for the trait are different (Bb)

Homozygous

The Alleles for the trait are the same (bb)

Genotype

The Genetic makeup of an organism

Phenotype

Physical traits of an organism

Punnet Square

Diagram used to predict the Genotype of an organism

Pedigree Chart

A chart showing the ancestors of a specific organism

Selection

The process of choosing organisms with the most desirable traits for mating

Inbreeding

The mating of closely related individuals to obtain desirable characteristics, decreases the variation in the population, which can be good or bad

Outbreeding

New mates are introduced outside the immediate gene pool

Mutations

A sudden change in structure or the amount of genetic material

Cloning

A group of organisms that have exactly the same genes. The cloning of plants is easier that animals or humans due to the simplicity of the genetic makeup.

Gene Splicing

The joining of D.N.A. from 2 different species.

Genetics

The branch of biology that study the way that hereditary information is passed on from parents to offspring

Gene

A unit of hereditary material found in chromosomes

R.N.A.

Ribonucleic Acid, Helps build D.N.A.

D.N.A.

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Composition of D.N.A.

1. 5 Sugar Deoxyribose

2. Phosphate Group

3. 4 types on nitrogen bases

A

Adenine

G

Guanine

Purine

Adenine & Guanine

C means…

Cytosine

T means…

Thymine

Primidine

Cytosine & Thymine

Mitosis

Identical cell division, constantly happening in our body

Interphase

Start/stop

Prophase

Centrioles begin to move to opposite poles, spindle fiber replaces nucleus, Chromatin match up to become chromasones

Metaphase (Middle)

The nucleus is gone, chromosomes meet in the middle and double.

Anaphase

Chromosomes are pulled back to opposite poles, 2 cells begin to form

Telophase

Chromosomes revert to chromatin, Nucleus reforms, 2 identical daughter cells replace the old cell

Adenine goes with..

Thymine

Cytosine goes with…

Guanine

D.N.A. Structure

The strands are dioxi syra and phosphate. The genetic code is attached to the dioxi syra. The 2 strands are held together by weak hydrogen bonds. 3 pieces of D.N.A. make a nucleotide.

Hydrogen Bonds (weak)

Bonds are weak so the strands of D.N.A. can open and close repeatedly

Regeneration

The ability of an organism to grow lost body parts.

Vegetative Reproduction

The ability to grow from a bulb producing an identical offspring

Tuber

an enlarged part of an underground stem. The eyes are tiny eyes for growth

Artificial Vegetative Reproduction #1, Cuttings

Any part of a plant, stem, leaf or root used to produce a new individual

Artificial Vegetative Reproduction #2, Layering

A stem is bent over into the soil and roots will develop

Grafting

A stem or bud is removed from one plant and attached to a new plant

Mutagens

Factors causing mutation

Chromosomal

Change in part of a chromosome, usually takes place during mitosis

Translocation

The transfer of the part of one chromosome to another (EX: ABCDEFG/XYZ)

Inversion

A piece of a chromosome that is inverted (EX:ABCEDFG)

Addition

A piece of a chromosome is added causing repeating in the pattern (EX:ABCABCDEFG)

Deletion

A piece of a chromosome breaks off (EX:ABC_FG)