BIO TERMS ACT 9, 10, 11, 12, 13

Cellular Respiration formula

6O2 + C6H12O6 →6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

* Speed up chemical reactions.
* Thousands are present in most types of cells.

Ex, Pepsin, DNA polymerase.

Enzymes

* Carry small molecules and ions.
* Ex, hemoglobin, glucose transporter.

Transport proteins

* Enable movements in cells and tissues.
* Ex, Myosin, Dynein.

Motor proteins

* Carry small signals between cells.
* Ex, Insulin, Glucagon.

Signalling Proteins

* Mediate a cell’s response to a stimulus.
* Many receptors interact with signalling proteins.
* Ex, Insulin receptor, rhodopsin.

Receptor proteins

* Bind to and inactive foreign substances and microbes, participate in infection and immune response.
* Ex, Antibodies in the immune system, influenza virus.

Immune system and disease proteins

* Store such materials as amino acids and iron for later use.
* Ex, Albumin, ferritin.

Storage Proteins

* Provide protection and support.
* Ex, Actin, Keratin.

Structural proteins

Which is the type of pigment used to absorb light during photosynthesis and where it is found?

Chlorophyll and in the chloroplasts.

What organelle makes Cellular Respiration?

Mitochondria c

What organelle makes Photosynthesis?

Chloroplasts p

Which organelle makes sugars?

Chloroplasts

Which organelle makes ATP?

Mitochondria

Photosynthesis formula

6O2 + 6H2O + ATP →C6H12O6 + 6O2

1

Outer membrane c

2

Grana

3

Lumen

4

Thylakoid

5

Stroma

6

Inner membrane c

1

Inner membrane cr

2

Outer membrane cr

3

Cristae

4

Matrix

5

Intermembrane space

What is produced at the end of the cell cycle?

2 daughter cells that are identical.

Cell development

* Cells increase in size
* Cells create more proteins and organelles

G1 Phase Interphase

DNA replication

* Chromosomes are replicated
* DNA synthesis takes place

S Phase Interphase

Organelle Duplication

* Organelles and molecules are duplicated for Mitosis (cell division)

G2 Phase Interphase

Where does Mitosis occur?

Somatic cells

* Chromosomes become visible
* Centrioles separate and move to the opposite poles (ends)
* Spindle fibers appear
* Nucleolus and nuclear membrane (envelope) disappear

Prophase Mitosis

* Chromosomes line up across the center of the cell
* Microtubules connect the centromere of each chromosome to the poles of the spindle

Metaphase Mitosis

* Centromeres split apart.
* Chromatids separate from one another to become individual chromosomes Each chromosome moves to opposite poles

Anaphase Mitosis

* Chromosomes reach opposite poles of the cell
* Chromatids unwind back into chromatin
* Nuclear envelope reappear reforming the nucleus
* Spindle fibers disappear
* New double membrane (cell membrane) gain to form between 2 nuclei (cell pinches)
* Animal Cell - Cleavage
* Plant Cell - Cell Plate

Telophase Mitosis

* Cytoplasm division
* During cytokinesis, the cytoplasm pinches in half. Each daughter cell has an identical set of duplicate chromosomes.

Cytokinesis

What is cancer?

Abnormal cells divide without control and can invade nearby tissues

What part of the cell is involved in Cancer growth?

The Genetic part of the cell, where DNA is.

* Cells that make up your organs and tissues
* Carry a full set of genetic information

Somatic cells

46 total chromosomes, half from mom and half from dad

Diploid

Sperm and eggs

Gametes

23 total chromosomes

Haploid

Must be duplicated before cell division

Sister chromatids

* Stem cells that can form all the cells in the body.
* Includes cells that form the placenta, extra embryonic cells
* Only cells that are totipotent are embryonic cells after the first couple of divisions.

Totipotent stem cells

* Stem cells that can form into all types of cells that make up the body EXCEPT cells that make up the Placenta

Pluripotent stem cells

* Stem cells that can develop into more than one cell type but are limited
* Examples: Adult Stem Cells and Cord Blood Stem Cells

Multipotent stem cells

What’s the process by which stem cells produce specialized descendent cells?

Differentiation

What cell has the potential to produce any type of specialized cells?

Embryonic stem cells

What cell can produce a limited set of specialized cells?

Stem cells

Embryo development

Sperm + eggs →zygote → embryos →blastocyst