Cellular Respiration formula
6O2 + C6H12O6 →6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
Speed up chemical reactions.
Thousands are present in most types of cells.
Ex, Pepsin, DNA polymerase.
Enzymes
Carry small molecules and ions.
Ex, hemoglobin, glucose transporter.
Transport proteins
Enable movements in cells and tissues.
Ex, Myosin, Dynein.
Motor proteins
Carry small signals between cells.
Ex, Insulin, Glucagon.
Signalling Proteins
Mediate a cell’s response to a stimulus.
Many receptors interact with signalling proteins.
Ex, Insulin receptor, rhodopsin.
Receptor proteins
Bind to and inactive foreign substances and microbes, participate in infection and immune response.
Ex, Antibodies in the immune system, influenza virus.
Immune system and disease proteins
Store such materials as amino acids and iron for later use.
Ex, Albumin, ferritin.
Storage Proteins
Provide protection and support.
Ex, Actin, Keratin.
Structural proteins
Which is the type of pigment used to absorb light during photosynthesis and where it is found?
Chlorophyll and in the chloroplasts.
What organelle makes Cellular Respiration?
Mitochondria c
What organelle makes Photosynthesis?
Chloroplasts p
Which organelle makes sugars?
Chloroplasts
Which organelle makes ATP?
Mitochondria
Photosynthesis formula
6O2 + 6H2O + ATP →C6H12O6 + 6O2
1
Outer membrane c
2
Grana
3
Lumen
4
Thylakoid
5
Stroma
6
Inner membrane c
1
Inner membrane cr
2
Outer membrane cr
3
Cristae
4
Matrix
5
Intermembrane space
What is produced at the end of the cell cycle?
2 daughter cells that are identical.
Cell development
Cells increase in size
Cells create more proteins and organelles
G1 Phase Interphase
DNA replication
Chromosomes are replicated
DNA synthesis takes place
S Phase Interphase
Organelle Duplication
Organelles and molecules are duplicated for Mitosis (cell division)
G2 Phase Interphase
Where does Mitosis occur?
Somatic cells
Chromosomes become visible
Centrioles separate and move to the opposite poles (ends)
Spindle fibers appear
Nucleolus and nuclear membrane (envelope) disappear
Prophase Mitosis
Chromosomes line up across the center of the cell
Microtubules connect the centromere of each chromosome to the poles of the spindle
Metaphase Mitosis
Centromeres split apart.
Chromatids separate from one another to become individual chromosomes Each chromosome moves to opposite poles
Anaphase Mitosis
Chromosomes reach opposite poles of the cell
Chromatids unwind back into chromatin
Nuclear envelope reappear reforming the nucleus
Spindle fibers disappear
New double membrane (cell membrane) gain to form between 2 nuclei (cell pinches)
Animal Cell - Cleavage
Plant Cell - Cell Plate
Telophase Mitosis
Cytoplasm division
During cytokinesis, the cytoplasm pinches in half. Each daughter cell has an identical set of duplicate chromosomes.
Cytokinesis
What is cancer?
Abnormal cells divide without control and can invade nearby tissues
What part of the cell is involved in Cancer growth?
The Genetic part of the cell, where DNA is.
Cells that make up your organs and tissues
Carry a full set of genetic information
Somatic cells
46 total chromosomes, half from mom and half from dad
Diploid
Sperm and eggs
Gametes
23 total chromosomes
Haploid
Must be duplicated before cell division
Sister chromatids
Stem cells that can form all the cells in the body.
Includes cells that form the placenta, extra embryonic cells
Only cells that are totipotent are embryonic cells after the first couple of divisions.
Totipotent stem cells
Stem cells that can form into all types of cells that make up the body EXCEPT cells that make up the Placenta
Pluripotent stem cells
Stem cells that can develop into more than one cell type but are limited
Examples: Adult Stem Cells and Cord Blood Stem Cells
Multipotent stem cells
What’s the process by which stem cells produce specialized descendent cells?
Differentiation
What cell has the potential to produce any type of specialized cells?
Embryonic stem cells
What cell can produce a limited set of specialized cells?
Stem cells
Embryo development
Sperm + eggs →zygote → embryos →blastocyst