Unit 3 Part 1 Masterlist

Drug Classifications by Name:

Drug Classifications by Name:

1. Chemical Name

2. Generic Name

3. Trade (brand) Name

What network allows for the research of a drug by both its generic and brand name, as well as side effects, accepted uses, contraindications, and doses?

The Physician’s Desk Reference (PDR)

Drug Classification by Action is:

Not always reliable or exclusive due to drugs having multiple effects on the body

Drug Classification the Law:

1. Prescription

2. Non-Prescription (over-the-counter)

3. Dietary Supplements (not FDA regulated)

The form of a drug’s dose determines:

speed/onset of the therapeutic effect

Dose Forms:

1. Tablets

2. Capsule

3. Inhalant

4. Suppository

5. Solution

6. Suspension

7. Transdermal Patch

Tablets are:

the most common oral dose form

What is the difference between Tablets and capsules?

Capsules are able to be broken open and have their contents dumped out (liquid, powder) whereas tablets cannot. Tablets also typically have a delay whereas capsules dissolve in the stomach

Suspensions must be:

shaken

Suspensions can never be:

administered through IV

The effect of solutions are:

rapid

Transdermal patches have a:

gradual absorption

Analgesics Examples

Opioids (morphine, OxyContin), non-opioids (Tylenol)

Types of Anesthetics:

1. General (loss of consciousness)

2. Local (block nerve conduction to a specific area)

Anesthetics Examples:

Lidocaine, Diprivan

Anti-Anxiety Agents Examples:

Benzodiazepines- Valium, Ativan, Versed

Antiarrhythmics Examples:

Digoxin

Anticholinergics Examples:

Ditropan, Detrol (overactive bladder), Atropine (prevention of bradycardia)

Anticoagulants Examples:

Heparin, Coumadin

What additional precaution should be taken when dealing with an IR patient on an anticoagulant?

They must be monitored to prevent massive hemorrhages

Anticonvulsants Examples:

Dilatin, Klonopin

Can anticonvulsants treat the cause of a seizure?

No

Antiemetics Examples:

Zophran, Compazine

When are antiemetics most effective:

Before the onset of symptoms

Antihistamine Examples:

Benadryl

What kinds of symptoms can antihistamine treat?

Acute or chronic

What situation can antihistamines be used for in radiology?

When administering contrast to someone who has known reactions to contrast

Antihypertensives Examples:

Zenstril (heart failure), Norvasc (angina pectoris)

Antipsychotics Examples:

Haldol, Zyprexa

What is especially important to remember when guiding/maneuvering a patient who is on antipsychotic medication?

They could experience orthostatic hypotension much easier/faster than a patient who is not on antipsychotic medication

Antiulcer Agents Examples:

Zantac, Pepcid, Prevacid, Prilosec (reduces acid production), Reglan (increases peristalsis and gastric emptying)

Bronchodilators Examples:

Albuterol (fast acting), Spiriva (long acting)

Diuretics Examples:

Lasix (congestive heart failure associated edema, used in conjunction with an antihypertensive)

Sedatives and Hypnotics Examples:

Ambien, Choral Hydrate (children)

Stimulants Examples:

Dobutamine, Dopamine (hypotension and shock), Epinephrine

Thrombolytics Examples:

Alteplase (tPA) (acute MI and stroke) (side effect: bleeding)

In what instances are blood thinners especially important to be aware of when interacting with a patient?

Whenever blood is drawn from the patient or the patient’s skin is otherwise broken. Blood will not clot as fast as with a patient not on blood thinners

Vasoconstrictors Examples:

Norepinephrine (shock treatment) (can cause necrosis if it infiltrates)

4 Basic Factors of the Movement of Drugs:

1. Absorption

2. Distribution

3. Metabolism

4. Excretion

What types of people may respond differently to drugs?

Older Patients (65+)

Response Factors:

1. Idiosyncratic Reactions

2. Side Effects

3. Allergies

Of the response factors, which can be the most unpredictable and life-threatening?

Idiosyncratic Reactions

Levels of Sedation:

1. Minimal (responds to verbal commands)

2. Moderate/Conscious (slowly responds to purposeful commands)

3. Deep (not easily aroused)

4. General (responds to no stimuli)

IM

Intramuscular

IV

Intravenous

mL

milliliter

mM

millimeter

PO

by mouth

Prn

as needed

SQ

Subcutaneous

STAT

Immediately

Patients rights:

1. Right drug

2. Right amount

3. Right Patient

4. Right time

5. Right route

1. The right drug:

Check label and name carefully, never use unlabeled, always check expiration date

2. The right amount:

Measure carefully and accurately, select right size and type of syringe

3. The right patient:

Check armband, ask patient to state their name

4. The right time:

Practitioner determines the time it should be administered

5. The right route:

Physician determines the route that should be used

Necessary Charting Information:

1. name

2. dose

3. route

4. date/time

What should you do if an error in charting or an adverse effect occurs?

Document the details of the incident thoroughly

Most common legal problem amongst technologists:

Errors in drug administration

When making a written error in a patient chart:

1. cross out with 1 solid line

2. write initials and time, as well as a correction next to it

3. use blue/black ink only

A patient’s chart is considered:

a legal document

Syringe parts:

1. Plunger

2. Barrel

3. Tip

Needle parts:

1. Bevel

2. Cannula/shaft

3. Hub

Needles vary according to:

gauge and length

After use of a needle and syringe:

both the needle and syringe must be discarded (sharps and biohazard containers)

Enteral Routes:

1. Oral

2. Sublingual

3. Buccal

4. Rectal

Parenteral Routes:

1. Intradermal

2. Intramuscular

3. Subcutaneous

4. Intravenous

5. Bolus

6. Drip Infusion

Radiopaque areas on an x ray will appear:

white, bright

Radiolucent areas of an x ray will appear:

dark

Types of Radiolucent (negative) contrast media

air, gas producing tablets, crystals

Complications from using air as a contrast media:

emboli

Does a high or low atomic number indicate if a contrast medium will be radiopaque?

high

What is a contraindication for the use of barium sulfate?

perforation in the GI tract

When using barium sulfate to study the small intestine, what is added in addition to the contrast media? (also has a laxative effect)

methylcellulose

If perforation of the GI tract prevents use of barium sulfate, what is used instead

water soluble iodine contrast

Adverse reactions to barium sulfate:

1. obstructions from residual barium

2. perforation from the catheter

3. vaginal rupture

4. increased risk of aspiration (if patient is sedated)

Areas of the body that we use barium for:

1. Esophagus

2. Stomach

3. Small intestine

4. Large intestine

Why does ionic iodine contrast media cause more adverse reactions?

It has a higher osmolality and therefore causes more extreme effects on the body as a result

Lower osmolality contrast media:

1. less adverse reactions

2. more expensive

3. hydrophilic (dissolves into water more easily)

Usage of iodinated contrast:

1. Brain

2. Thorax

3. Spine (nonionic only)

4. Urinary system

5. Heart

Viscosity of contrast media affects:

injectability (heating contrast media can help with this)

Osmotic effects of ionic contrast media:

The contrast can draw water from the cells of the body into the vascular system, which can cause blood vessels to dilate

Allergic reactions can be divided into:

1. mild (hives)

2. moderate

3. severe (anaphylaxis)

Renal effects of high osmolality contrast media:

Can cause dilation and then subsequent constriction of the renal arteries. Increased creatinine levels can indicate that contrast media-induced renal effects. GFR is the best indicator for kidney function.

If a patient experiences swelling and a burning sensation around the injection site when injecting contrast and the contrast has been warmed, what does this indicate?

infiltration of the contrast

Perforation can cause:

free air in the abdominal cavity

What is the atomic number of water-soluble Iodine contrast?

53

What is the atomic number of barium sulfate contrast medium

56

Why is visipaque such an ideal Iodine contrast media?

It’s nonionic and has the same osmolality as the human body, therefore causing minimal interactions with the body

What reactions are considered typical for injection of contrast media

feeling flushed or the urge/sensation of peeing oneself during the injection

What type of patient is especially important to obtain a thorough history of before injection of contrast?

Diabetics, especially non-insulin dependent diabetics

What two factors help determine if it is safe to inject a patient with contrast?

a creatinine lab test and using the results to obtain a GFR

What medication is a contraindication or at least must be discontinued before the injection of contrast in a diabetic person

Glucophage/Metaformin

What is the distribution of radiopharmaceuticals dependent on?

the route of administration

What are the types of radiation contamination sources?

1. External

2. Internal

Sources of radiation contamination:

the patient, floors, personnel, equipment, surfaces

When was contrast media first introduced?

1896 (contrast was toxic, such as bismuth subnitrate)

When was air first used in studies of children with hydrocephalus?

1918

When was the usage of nontoxic iodine contrast with water soluble carriers first used?

1930