Smallest
Bacteria are the ------- of all cells
10x
Plant and animal cells are ---- Larger
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
A microscope that uses an electron beam to study the internal cell structure.
Cells must be large enough to
House DNA, proteins, and structures needed to survive and reproduce
Surface to volume ratio
As a cell grows, its volume increases much faster than its surface area does.
Bacteria, Archea
Prokaryotic cells
Protists, Plants, Fungi, Animals
Eukaryotic Cells
Plasma membrane, Chromosomes (DNA), Ribosome (Make proteins)
Both types of cells have (), (), and ()
Pili
Attachment structures on the surface of some prokaryotes.
Nucleoid
A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell.
Ribosomes
Makes proteins
Plasma Membrane
A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells.
Cell Wall
A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms.
Capsule
A sticky layer that surrounds the cell walls of some bacteria, protecting the cell surface and sometimes helping to glue the cell to surfaces.
Flagella
Whiplike tails found in one-celled organisms to aid in movement.
Organelles
A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell.
Genetic Control
Nucleus and ribosomes
Manufacturing, Distribution, Breakdown
endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and peroxisomes.
Chloroplast
An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs
Compartments
Eukyaroytic cells have ().
Lysosome
Most plant cells don't have a ().
Central Vacuole
Most animal cells don't have a ().
Central Vacoule
large, fluid-filled organelle; store water, enzymes, metabolic, wastes, and other materials in plants.
Plant
Cell walls are only in () cells.
Phosopholipid bilayer
composition of plasma membrane, two layers of phosopholipids arranged tail-to-tail.
Hydrophilic head, Hydrophobic tail
Phosopholipid Bilayers have a (), and ()
Selectively Permeable
A membrane that allows some substances to pass through while excluding others.
Chromatin
Substance found in eukaryotic chromosomes that consists of DNA tightly coiled.
Nuclear Envelope
layer of two membranes that surrounds the nucleus of a cell.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
A cell structure that forms a maze of passageways in which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of the cell to another.
Nucleolus
Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes.
rRNA
ribosomal RNA; type of RNA that makes up part of the ribosome.
DNA Transcription
Copies a DNA strand to mRNA to fit through a pore into the cytoplasm.
Translation
Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced.
Free Ribosomes
Ribosomes suspended in the cytoplasm.
Bound Ribosomes
Attached to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope.
Rough Endoplastic Reticulum (RER)
Surface for chemical reactions. Intracellular transport system. Has ribosomes attached to it.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
the region of the endoplasmic reticulum that has few or no ribosomes on its cytoplasmic surface and synthesizes carbohydrates, lipids, and steroid hormones; detoxifies chemicals like pesticides, preservatives, medications, and environmental pollutants. Stores and releases lipids, oils, phospholipids, steroids.
Golgi Apparatus, Endoplasmic Reticulum
The _______ _______ Receives, sorts and modifies substances manufactured by the _______ _______
Golgi Apparatus
A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell. Sorts them.
Lysosomes
An organelle containing digestive enzymes, compartmentalization (highly organized and efficient/effective).
Food
Lysosomes help _____ particles engulfed by a cell
remove, recycle
Lysosomes also help _____ or ____ damaged parts of the cell.
Abnormal
_______ Lysosomes can cause fatal diseases
Lysosomal Storage Diseases
A hereditary disorder associated with abnormal lysosomes, where the sufferer is missing one of the lysosomal digestive enzymes.
Contractile Vacuole
The cell structure that collects extra water from the cytoplasm and then expels it from the cell.
Peroxisomes
Contain oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, and other harmful chemicals.
Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell, carry out cellular respiration.
ATP
(Adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work.
Intermembrane Space
The fluid filled space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes.
Mitochondrial Matrix
The compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing DNA and ribosomes, with enzymes.
Cristae
infoldings in the inner membrane of a mitochondria. Increases the surface area to enhance ATP.
Chloroplast
An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs.
Intermembrane space
The fluid filled space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes.
Stroma
fluid portion of the chloroplast that contain DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes.
Thylakoids
A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy.
Granum
A stack of thylakoids in a chloroplast that store solar energy.
DNA and Ribosomes
Chloroplasts and Mitochondria have both ---- and -----
Endosymbiosis
A theorized process in which early eukaryotic cells were formed from simpler prokaryotes.
Phagocytosis
Cell eating.
Cilia
Hairlike projections (many and short) all over the outside of cells.
Flagella
Few whiplike long tails found in one-celled organisms to aid in movement.
Fluid, protect
Silia can also move ----- and ------ cells. (I.E. our lungs)
Phthalates
found in cosmetics, deodorants, and many plastics used for food packaging, children's toys, and medical devices. Cause issues in sperm mobility.
Cytoskeleton
A network of protein fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement and cell activity.
The extracelluar matrix
is a collection of extracellular molecules secreted by cells that provides structural and biochemical support to the surrounding cells.
Integrins
membrane proteins; they transmit signals between the ECM and cytoskeleton to regulate gene and cell activity.
Plasma Membrane
A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells.
Molecules
The Plasma Membrane controls traffic of -------- in and out of cells
Fluid mosaic
A description of membrane structure, depicting a cellular membrane as a mosaic of diverse protein molecules embedded in a fluid bilayer made of phospholipid molecules.
Phosopholipids
Unsaturated fatty acids with kinks in their tails to keep the membrane in a liquid state.
Fluid
Unsaturated fatty acid tails keep the membrane -----.
Framework (cytoskeleton & ECM), cell-to-cell recognition, Form junctions, metabolic pathways, Signal transduction
Functions of Proteins
Glycoproteins
Membrane carbohydrates functioning as ID tags for cell to cell recognition.
Signal transduction
A series of molecular changes that converts a signal on a target cell's surface to a specific response inside the cell.
O2, CO2
-- and -- pass easily through the selectively permeable membrane.
Passive Transport
The movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell.
Diffusion
Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Spread out evenly in an available space.
Osmosis
Diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane.
Down
Water moves ____ its concentration gradient.
Left to right
Water diffuses from ____ to _____.
Tonicity
The ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water (based on a dissolved solute)
Isotonic
Same concentrations of solutes in and outside the cell. Water moves in and out at the same rate.
Hypotonic
Solute concentration lower than that inside the cell; water moves into the cell, can cause it to burst.
Lysed
Hypotonic animal cell that bursts
Turgid
Hypotonic plant cell; cell wall prevents it from bursting
Hypertonic
A solution with a solute concentration higher outside than inside the cell.
Osmoregulation
Method by which organisms regulate solute concentrations to balance the gain and loss of water.
Plasmolyzed
Plant cell in a hypertonic solution.
Facilitated Diffusion
Doesn't require energy; Transport proteins span in membrane bilayer to help substances diffuse.
Transport Protein
Proteins that bind, shape, and move substances like sugar, amino acids, and provide a pore for passage.
Aquaporin
Water channel protein in a cell.
Active Transport
Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference.
Small
Active transport moves _____ molecules only.
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
Main energy source that cells use for most of their work
Exocytosis
Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material outside.
Endocytosis
Process by which a cell folds inward, enclosing material from the outside.
Pinocytosis
Cell drinking, engulf fluids into small vesicles.
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Receptors interact with a certain protein, which attract and bind molecules. Cell folds membrane in and makes a vesicle.
Exergonic
A chemical reaction that releases energy