Biology Exam 2

Smallest

Bacteria are the \------- of all cells

10x

Plant and animal cells are \---- Larger

Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)

A microscope that uses an electron beam to study the internal cell structure.

Cells must be large enough to

House DNA, proteins, and structures needed to survive and reproduce

Surface to volume ratio

As a cell grows, its volume increases much faster than its surface area does.

Bacteria, Archea

Prokaryotic cells

Protists, Plants, Fungi, Animals

Eukaryotic Cells

Plasma membrane, Chromosomes (DNA), Ribosome (Make proteins)

Both types of cells have (), (), and ()

Pili

Attachment structures on the surface of some prokaryotes.

Nucleoid

A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell.

Ribosomes

Makes proteins

Plasma Membrane

A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells.

Cell Wall

A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms.

Capsule

A sticky layer that surrounds the cell walls of some bacteria, protecting the cell surface and sometimes helping to glue the cell to surfaces.

Flagella

Whiplike tails found in one-celled organisms to aid in movement.

Organelles

A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell.

Genetic Control

Nucleus and ribosomes

Manufacturing, Distribution, Breakdown

endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and peroxisomes.

Chloroplast

An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs

Compartments

Eukyaroytic cells have ().

Lysosome

Most plant cells don't have a ().

Central Vacuole

Most animal cells don't have a ().

Central Vacoule

large, fluid-filled organelle; store water, enzymes, metabolic, wastes, and other materials in plants.

Plant

Cell walls are only in () cells.

Phosopholipid bilayer

composition of plasma membrane, two layers of phosopholipids arranged tail-to-tail.

Hydrophilic head, Hydrophobic tail

Phosopholipid Bilayers have a (), and ()

Selectively Permeable

A membrane that allows some substances to pass through while excluding others.

Chromatin

Substance found in eukaryotic chromosomes that consists of DNA tightly coiled.

Nuclear Envelope

layer of two membranes that surrounds the nucleus of a cell.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A cell structure that forms a maze of passageways in which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of the cell to another.

Nucleolus

Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes.

rRNA

ribosomal RNA; type of RNA that makes up part of the ribosome.

DNA Transcription

Copies a DNA strand to mRNA to fit through a pore into the cytoplasm.

Translation

Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced.

Free Ribosomes

Ribosomes suspended in the cytoplasm.

Bound Ribosomes

Attached to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope.

Rough Endoplastic Reticulum (RER)

Surface for chemical reactions. Intracellular transport system. Has ribosomes attached to it.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

the region of the endoplasmic reticulum that has few or no ribosomes on its cytoplasmic surface and synthesizes carbohydrates, lipids, and steroid hormones; detoxifies chemicals like pesticides, preservatives, medications, and environmental pollutants. Stores and releases lipids, oils, phospholipids, steroids.

Golgi Apparatus, Endoplasmic Reticulum

The \_______ \_______ Receives, sorts and modifies substances manufactured by the \_______ \_______

Golgi Apparatus

A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell. Sorts them.

Lysosomes

An organelle containing digestive enzymes, compartmentalization (highly organized and efficient/effective).

Food

Lysosomes help \_____ particles engulfed by a cell

remove, recycle

Lysosomes also help \_____ or \____ damaged parts of the cell.

Abnormal

\_______ Lysosomes can cause fatal diseases

Lysosomal Storage Diseases

A hereditary disorder associated with abnormal lysosomes, where the sufferer is missing one of the lysosomal digestive enzymes.

Contractile Vacuole

The cell structure that collects extra water from the cytoplasm and then expels it from the cell.

Peroxisomes

Contain oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, and other harmful chemicals.

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell, carry out cellular respiration.

ATP

(Adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work.

Intermembrane Space

The fluid filled space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes.

Mitochondrial Matrix

The compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing DNA and ribosomes, with enzymes.

Cristae

infoldings in the inner membrane of a mitochondria. Increases the surface area to enhance ATP.

Chloroplast

An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs.

Intermembrane space

The fluid filled space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes.

Stroma

fluid portion of the chloroplast that contain DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes.

Thylakoids

A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy.

Granum

A stack of thylakoids in a chloroplast that store solar energy.

DNA and Ribosomes

Chloroplasts and Mitochondria have both \---- and \-----

Endosymbiosis

A theorized process in which early eukaryotic cells were formed from simpler prokaryotes.

Phagocytosis

Cell eating.

Cilia

Hairlike projections (many and short) all over the outside of cells.

Flagella

Few whiplike long tails found in one-celled organisms to aid in movement.

Fluid, protect

Silia can also move \----- and \------ cells. (I.E. our lungs)

Phthalates

found in cosmetics, deodorants, and many plastics used for food packaging, children's toys, and medical devices. Cause issues in sperm mobility.

Cytoskeleton

A network of protein fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement and cell activity.

The extracelluar matrix

is a collection of extracellular molecules secreted by cells that provides structural and biochemical support to the surrounding cells.

Integrins

membrane proteins; they transmit signals between the ECM and cytoskeleton to regulate gene and cell activity.

Plasma Membrane

A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells.

Molecules

The Plasma Membrane controls traffic of \-------- in and out of cells

Fluid mosaic

A description of membrane structure, depicting a cellular membrane as a mosaic of diverse protein molecules embedded in a fluid bilayer made of phospholipid molecules.

Phosopholipids

Unsaturated fatty acids with kinks in their tails to keep the membrane in a liquid state.

Fluid

Unsaturated fatty acid tails keep the membrane \-----.

Framework (cytoskeleton & ECM), cell-to-cell recognition, Form junctions, metabolic pathways, Signal transduction

Functions of Proteins

Glycoproteins

Membrane carbohydrates functioning as ID tags for cell to cell recognition.

Signal transduction

A series of molecular changes that converts a signal on a target cell's surface to a specific response inside the cell.

O2, CO2

\-- and \-- pass easily through the selectively permeable membrane.

Passive Transport

The movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell.

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Spread out evenly in an available space.

Osmosis

Diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane.

Down

Water moves \____ its concentration gradient.

Left to right

Water diffuses from \____ to \_____.

Tonicity

The ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water (based on a dissolved solute)

Isotonic

Same concentrations of solutes in and outside the cell. Water moves in and out at the same rate.

Hypotonic

Solute concentration lower than that inside the cell; water moves into the cell, can cause it to burst.

Lysed

Hypotonic animal cell that bursts

Turgid

Hypotonic plant cell; cell wall prevents it from bursting

Hypertonic

A solution with a solute concentration higher outside than inside the cell.

Osmoregulation

Method by which organisms regulate solute concentrations to balance the gain and loss of water.

Plasmolyzed

Plant cell in a hypertonic solution.

Facilitated Diffusion

Doesn't require energy; Transport proteins span in membrane bilayer to help substances diffuse.

Transport Protein

Proteins that bind, shape, and move substances like sugar, amino acids, and provide a pore for passage.

Aquaporin

Water channel protein in a cell.

Active Transport

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference.

Small

Active transport moves \_____ molecules only.

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Main energy source that cells use for most of their work

Exocytosis

Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material outside.

Endocytosis

Process by which a cell folds inward, enclosing material from the outside.

Pinocytosis

Cell drinking, engulf fluids into small vesicles.

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Receptors interact with a certain protein, which attract and bind molecules. Cell folds membrane in and makes a vesicle.

Exergonic

A chemical reaction that releases energy