BIOMOLECULES, ENZYMES

BIOMOLECULES

Also known as organic molecules or macromolecules (due to their large size and complex nature) and serve as fuel for the metabolism of organisms.

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids

types of biomolecules

dehydration reaction

occurs when two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule.

hydrolysis

a reaction that is essentially the reverse of the dehydration reaction

CARBOHYDRATES

is a polyhydroxy aldehyde, a polyhydroxy ketone, or a compound that yields polyhydroxy aldehydes or polyhydroxy ketones upon hydrolysis.

Monomer: Monosaccharides
link: glycosidic bonds.
Polymer: Disaccharides or Polysaccharides

monomer, polymer, and linkage of carbohydrates

MONOSACCHARIDES

simplest carbohydrates are monosaccharides, or simple sugars.

disaccharide

is formed when a dehydration reaction/condensation reaction joins two monosaccharides

polysaccharides

polymers of sugars, have storage and structural roles

LIPIDS

- is an organic compound found in living organisms that is insoluble (or only sparingly soluble) in water but soluble in nonpolar organic solvents
- no polymer
- hydrophobic

Monomer: glycerol and fatty acids
link: ester
Polymer: none

monomer, poly, and link of lipids

PROTEINS

is a naturally occurring, unbranched polymer

Monomer: amino acids
link: peptides
Polymer: polypeptides

monomer, poly, and link of protein

NUCLEIC ACID

- Largest among biomolecules and stores vital information about the cell (provide our genetic code and instructions to make proteins)
- elements: C, H, O, N, P

Monomer: nucleotides
• Bond: Phosphodiester
• Polymers:
a. DNA
b. RNA
c. ATP

monomer, poly, and link of nucleic acids

Enzymes

catalysts, usually proteins, that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms

substrate

the reactant upon which an enzyme acts to catalyze a reaction.

end in case

break down chain into monomers

amylase

- enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates

- located in the mouth

lipase

- enzyme that breaks down lipids

- located in the smaller intestine

- breaks ester bonds

pepsin and trypsin

- enzyme that breaks down proteins

- located in the smaller intestine and stomach

nucleases

- enzyme that breaks down nucleic acids

- located in the dna and rna