Air Columns

What is included in the vocal tract?

everything above the larynx to mouth

What type of tube is the ear and vocal tract?

tube with one open end and one closed end

What type of tone/waves does a tuning fork produce?

pure tone/sine wave

What type of wave is created in a tube?

standing waves

How many seconds are in a millisecond? 

1000 milliseconds 

If white is the fundamental frequency, purple is what harmonic? 

5th harmonic 

What does the 5th harmonic mean in terms of the fundamental frequency? 

5th harmonic is 5 times higher thus 5 times faster 

Does the time of a single cycle (period) always stay the same as the fundamental frequency for the harmonics?

yes

Can the fundamental frequency also be considered the 1st harmonic?

yes

What is the easy way to identify the fundamental frequency/1st harmonic on a spectrogram?

find the harmonic with the least number of peaks

What is still present during missing fundamental?

harmonics allowing you to still perceive the noise

What type of peak does condensation represent?

positive peak

What type of peak does rarefaction represent? 

negative peak 

What are the 3 boundary conditions for standing waves? 

1) 2 fixed ends 

2) 1 fixed end & 1 loose end 

3) 2 loose ends 

What type of waves are produced on strings?

transverse waves

What type of waves are produced by vibrating air column in pipes?

longitudinal/sound waves

What is 2 other words for amplitude?

-loudness

-intensity

What does a fixed end always have? 

a node 

Where does an anti-node occur? 

open end 

Can you have a node at the opening of a tube?

no

What harmonics will a tube with 1 open end and 1 closed end produce?

only odd harmonics

What harmonics will a tube with 2 closed ends produce?

both odd and even harmonics

What harmonics will a tube with 2 open ends produce?

both odd and even harmonics

How much displacement does a node have?

zero displacement 

How much displacement does an anti-node have?

maximum displacement

What is the velocity of sound in air?

340 m/s

What is the equation for frequency of a tube?

frequency= velocity divided by wavelength

What is the wavelength equation for a tube with 1 open and 1 closed end? 

wavelength= 4 x length 

How do you find the frequency of a random harmonic with just the F0 frequency? 

multiple the F0 by the number harmonic you are trying to find 

What is the wavelength equation for a tube with 2 open ends?

wavelength= 2 x length

What happens to frequency when the tube length is longer?

longer the tube length, lower the frequency

What happens to frequency when the tube length is shorter?

shorter the tube length, higher the frequency

What type of tube is the human vocal tract?

tube with 1 open and 1 closed end

What type of relationship does tube length and fundamental frequency have?

inversely proportional relationship

Why are male voices lower than females?

-vocal tract is longer

-vocal folds are longer

-vocal folds are thicker

What is the wavelength of a pipe open at both ends with a length of 72 cm?

wavelength= 2 x length

wavelength= 1.44

What is the fundamental frequency of a tube with both ends open and wavelength of 1.44?

F0= 236.11 Hz 

F0= velocity divided by wavelength