AP Human Unit 2 Vocab

agricultural density

the total number of farmers per unit of arable land

antinatalist

describing attitudes or policies that discourage childbearing as a means of limiting population growth

arithmetic density

the total number of people per unit area of land; also called crude density

asylum

the right to protection in a country

brain drain

the loss of trained or educated people to the lure of work in another—often richer—country

carrying capacity

the maximum population size an environment can sustain

chain migration

type of migration in which people move to a location because others from their community have previously migrated there

circular migration

migration pattern in which migrant workers move back and forth between their country of origin and the destination country where they work temporary jobs

crude birth rate (CBR)

the number of births in a given year per 1,000 people in a given population

crude death rate (CDR)

the number of deaths in a given year per 1,000 people in a given population

demographic transition model (DTM)

a model that represents shifts in the growth of the world’s populations, based on population trends related to birth rate and death rate

dependency ratio

the number of people in a dependent age group (under age 15 or age 65 and older) divided by the number of people in the working-age group (ages 15 to 64), multiplied by 100

distance decay

a principle stating that the farther away one thing is from another, the less interaction the two things will have

doubling time

the number of years in which a population growing at a certain rate would double

emigration

movement away from a location

epidemiological transition model (ETM)

a model that describes changes in fertility, mortality, life expectancy, and population age distribution, largely as the result of changes in causes of death

forced migration

type of migration in which people are compelled to move by economic, political, environmental, or cultural factors

friction of distance

a concept that states that the longer a journey is, the more time, effort, and cost it will involve

gravity model

a model that predicts the interaction between two or more places; geographers derived the model from Newton’s law of universal gravitation

guest worker

a migrant who travels to a new country as temporary labor

human migration

the permanent movement of people from one place to another

human trafficking

defined by the United Nations as “the recruitment, transportation, harboring, or receipt of persons by improper means (such as force, abduction, fraud, or coercion)”

immigration

movement to a location

infant mortality rate (IMR)

the number of deaths of children under the age of 1 per 1,000 live births

internal migration

movement within a country’s borders

internally displaced person

person who has been forced to flee his or her home but remains within the country’s borders

interregional migration

movement from one region of the country to another

intervening obstacle

an occurrence that holds migrants back

intervening opportunity

an occurrence that causes migrants to pause their journey by choice

intraregional migration

movement within one region of the country

life expectancy

the average number of years a person is expected to live

Neo-Malthusian

describing the theory related to the idea that population growth is unsustainable and that the future population cannot be supported by Earth’s resources

net migration

the difference between the number of emigrants and immigrants in a location, such as a city or a country

physiological density

the total number of people per unit of arable land

population density

the number of people occupying a unit of land

population distribution

where people live in a geographic area

population pyramid

a graph that shows the age-sex distribution of a given population

pronatalist

describing attitudes or policies that encourage childbearing as a means of spurring population growth

pull factor

a positive cause that attracts someone to a new location

push factor

a negative cause that compels someone to leave a location

quota

limit on the number of immigrants allowed into the country each year

rate of natural increase (RNI)

rate at which a population grows as the result of the difference between the crude birth rate and the crude death rate

refugee

a person who is forced to leave his or her country for fear of persecution or death

relocation diffusion

the spread of culture traits through the movement of people

remittance

money earned by an emigrant abroad and sent back to his or her home country

sex ratio

the proportion of males to females in a population

step migration

series of smaller moves to get to the ultimate destination

total fertility rate (TFR)

the average number of children one woman in a given country or region will have during her childbearing years

transnational migration

international migration in which people retain strong cultural, emotional, and financial ties with their countries of origin

voluntary migration

type of migration in which people make the choice to move to a new place