Introduction to Psychology | Chapter 5 [2]

Sheila almost got hit by a car at a street corner because she was too busy texting on her phone. From that day on, Sheila looks before she reaches the street corner. Her change in behavior is a result of

Learning

At home, you rattle the chain on your dogs leash every time you prepare to take him for a walk. After several episodes like this, you find that your dog comes running to the front door even when you pick up the leash and put it back in the closet. In this example, what is the conditioned stimulus?

The sound of the leash

A child has been classically conditioned to fear a white rat. If a child does not show fear when shown a black rat, this is called

Stimulus discrimination

During the cold winter, you have stopped taking your dog for walks. What's more, your dog has gotten used to the fact that when you accidentally rattle his leash, he isn't going for a walk, and subsequently he doesn't come running to the front door. What has occurred?

Extinction

Rhonda had tartar sauce with her fish one night. The next morning she was nauseated and sick for much of the day. The next time she was offered the chance to go out for fish, she felt queasy and declined. Her queasiness at the thought of fish with tartar sauce was probably due to

A conditioned taste aversion

Caitlin works in the psychology department's rat lab. In her studies, she found that many of her lab rats would develop a conditioned taste aversion to certain foods after as little as one trial. Caitlin's psychology professor refers to this as a classic example of

Biological preparedness

Blake finds that if he washes his car prior to going out on the town, more of his friends want to ride along with him. What would best explain his willingness to always wash and clean his car before going out?

Thorndike's law of effect

In classical conditioning, behavior is typically ____________, whereas with operant conditioning, behavior is ______________.

Involuntary, voluntary

Where do secondary reinforcers get their power from?

Pavlov's classical conditioning

Positive reinforcement results in a __________ in the target behavior and negative reinforcement results in a ___________ in the target behavior.

an increase, an increase

Belinda has a terrible headache. If she takes some aspirin so as to make her headache go away, this would be an example of

Negative reinforcement

Ben gets paid every 2 weeks. In one 2-week period, he works a total of 20 hours. During another 2-week period, he worked a total of 50 hours. Regardless of the total number of hours he works each week, he is paid every 2 weeks. What schedule of reinforcement is being used?

Fixed interval

Denise is grounded for coming home after curfew. Additionally, her parents have taken away her cell phone for a month. Losing her cell phone privileges is an example of

Punishment by removal

What is the relationship between negative reinforcement and punishment?

Negative reinforcement strengthens a response while punishment weakens a response.

Which of the following is an example of the use of extinction with operant conditioning?

A mother ignores her child's temper tantrum so that the behavior ultimately goes away.

Studies by Keller and Marian Breland found that many animals exhibit instinctive drift. What does this mean?

The animals studied would learn skills through reinforcement but eventually revert back to their genetically controlled patterns of behavior.

Jose was lying in bed when he suddenly realized how he might deal with a fast approaching deadline at work. When his coworkers asked how he came up with this idea, he said, "It just came to me out of nowhere." Psychologist would refer to this as

Insight learning

Jody failed repeatedly in college algebra. Finally, she gave up and was seriously considering dropping out of college. One day, her best friend offered to personally help her if she signed up for college algebra again, but she refused. What concept might explain her reluctance?

Learned helplessness

What does AMID stand for?

Attention, Memory, Imitation, Desire

Darla has noticed how some of her friends have lost weight and gotten trim by exercising 1-2 hours each day. However, she has no plans to imitate their behavior. What component of Bandura's model of observational learning will explain why Darla have not started a similar weight loss program?

Darla is not motivated nor does she have the desire to begin the program.