AP Psych Unit 4

Association

Association

Connects items or experiences because of order in which they were experienced

Observational Learning

Individual learns by watching others

Latent Learning

Individual is exposed to information but learning is not showed until later

Insight Learning

Problem that needs to be solved and an individual will mentally work through details to arrive at a solution

Trial and Error Learning

Individual tries different solutions at random until one is successful

John Garcia

Hypothesis that some associations are more readily available than others, conditioned taste aversion

Albert Bandura

Observational learning, bobo doll experiment, violence, aggression, and modeling

Edward Tolman

Latent learning, rats and mazes, seeing rats exposed to a maze before doing better than rats not

Edward Thorndike

Trial and error learning, individuals try various solutions at random until one is successful

Ivan Pavlov

Pavlov’s dog with dogs and saliva, father of classical conditioning

B.F. Skinner

Operant conditioning, behavior becomes more likely when reinforced

Robert Rescorla

Cognition and learning, how animals can be taught to expect an outcome

John B. Watson

How learning influences behavior, was one of first people to say behaviors are because of learning

Pavlov’s Experiment

Placed food down for dog and would ring a bell, dog would initially just salivate at food but learned to associate ringing a bell with food, began to salivate at the bell ringing expecting food to come

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

Stimulus that naturally triggers a response, no teaching and learning

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

Response that does not need to be learned and occurs naturally

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

Stimulus with no response from a subject

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

When NS and UCS are paired creating CS to be trigger for CR

Conditioned Response (CR)

Previous UCR occurs from CS, thus now CR

Extinction

UCS and CS are not paired anymore and the behavior is extinct

Spontaneous Recovery

Reappearance of conditioned response after pause of extinguished CR

Stimulus Discrimination

When subject is conditioned and is able to recognize and only respond to stimuli that is the CS and not otherwise

Stimulus Generalization

Subject has been conditioned and response to stimuli similar to original CS

Higher-order conditioning

NS becomes new CS without UCS, meaning another stimulus is introduced and conditioned

Law of Effect

By Thorndike, stating behaviors with favorable consequences are more likely to occur compared to unfavorable consequences

Skinner Box Experiment

Rat in box with food dispenser, light, lever, gave rat food pellet when rat moved lever showing positive reinforcement

Discriminative Stimulus

Stimulus that elicits a response in operant conditioning, a specific stimulus

Positive Reinforcement

Desirable reward is added, promoting/increasing behavior

Negative Reinforcement

Undesirable thing is taken away, promoting/increasing a behavior

Positive Punishment

Unpleasant thing is added in order to decrease a bad behavior

Negative Punishment

Pleasant thing is taken away in order to decrease bad behavior

Fixed-Ratio Schedule

Reinforcement is after a set amount of responses, great at getting high number of responses in short time

Fixed-Interval Schedule

Reinforcement is given after a set amount of time, seeing more responses before payout

Variable-Ratio Schedule

Reinforcement is given at random amount of responses, see high amount of responses from individual, most effective

Variable-Interval Schedule

Reinforcement is given after a random amount of time, responses are consistent over period of time

Overjustification Effect

Extrinsic rewards replace intrinsic motivation, meaning that if extrinsic rewards stop behavior will stop due to no intrinsic motivation

Extrinsic Motivation

Individual is motivated to perform a behavior based of external reward or to avoid external punishment

Intrinsic Motivation

Individual has desire to do something for their own sake, no external punishment or reward

Preparedness

Biological predisposition to learn associations between things that help with survival

Instinctive Drift

Animals that learn behaviors by reinforcement will go back to certain biological patterns they are predisposed to

Rescorla and Wagner

Animals can be taught to expect outcome of an event, showing importance of cognition in learning

Edward Tolman’s Rat Study

Showed rats in mazes developed cognitive map after doing many mazes allowing them to do them faster and faster

Social Learning

Individual learns from watching others, interacting with other people, or mimicking them

Observational Learning

Person learns information or skills from watching others receive different reinforcements or punishments and will expect a similar outcome to occur if they do the same

External Locus of Control

Outside factors that impact a person and could determine fate or outcome, things outside their control

Internal Locus of Control

How a person impacts their own fate or outcome, things inside of their own control

Problem Focused Coping

Individuals attempt to eliminate or reduce stress by directly changing stressor changing how they interact with the stressor

Emotion Focused Coping

Individual tries to eliminate or reduce stress by ignoring or avoiding the stress, focusing on their own emotional needs instead