Global Regents Review: Absolutism to Nationalism

Flashcards covering key concepts from Absolutism, Enlightenment, revolutions, Napoleonic era, Latin American independence, nationalism, and the unifications of Italy and Germany.

What is the concept that asserts monarchs derive their authority from God?

Divine Right of Kings

Which era emphasized reason, natural laws, and questioned traditional authority, leading to revolutions in the U.S., France, and Latin America?

The Enlightenment

What is the geocentric model of the universe?

Earth at the center

What is the heliocentric model?

Sun at the center

Which method uses observation, experiments, and reasoning to understand the natural world?

Scientific Method

Which philosopher proposed the separation of powers to protect liberty?

Montesquieu

What natural rights did John Locke say governments must protect?

Life, Liberty, and Property

Which philosopher advocated freedom of speech and religion and the separation of church and state?

Voltaire

Which philosopher argued that government should be based on the General Will?

Rousseau

Which philosopher argued for equal rights for women in education, work, and politics?

Mary Wollstonecraft

Which philosopher argued that humans are selfish and need an absolute ruler to control behavior?

Thomas Hobbes

What pledge did the Third Estate take not to disband until a constitution was established?

Tennis Court Oath

Which event symbolized the uprising against the Ancien Régime and involved storming a famous fortress?

Storming of the Bastille

What document proclaimed the rights of man and citizen and limited the powers of the monarchy?

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Which governing body led during the Reign of Terror?

Committee of Public Safety

Which king of France was executed during the Revolution?

Louis XVI

Which body did Napoleon overthrow to seize power in 1799?

The Directory

What event ended Napoleon’s rule and led to his exile after a final defeat?

The defeat at Waterloo

What legal code did Napoleon implement that reformed laws across France and its empire?

Napoleonic Code

What international conference aimed to restore Europe after Napoleon's fall?

Congress of Vienna

What policy tried to blockade Britain and isolate its trade during Napoleon's era?

Continental System (Blockade)

Who led the Haitian Revolution against French rule?

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Who succeeded Toussaint L'Ouverture and led Haiti to independence?

Dessalines

In colonial Latin America, who primarily had more rights: Peninsulares or Creoles?

Peninsulares

Which leader helped liberate several South American territories including Venezuela and Gran Colombia?

Simón Bolívar

Which leader helped liberate Argentina and Chile from Spain?

José de San Martín

Why did Gran Colombia not remain as a single nation?

Geography and regional differences led to its split into separate independent countries

How did Brazil achieve independence from Portugal?

Bloodless revolution; Dom Pedro declared independence and ruled Brazil

Who ruled Brazil during its independence and is associated with the imperial crown in Brazil?

Dom Pedro (Dom Pedro I)

Which Mexican leader is associated with the Grito de Dolores and the start of the Mexican War of Independence?

Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla

Which Mexican leader advocated land reform and rural rights and played a key role in the revolution?

Emiliano Zapata

Which year did the Mexican Constitution establish reforms after the revolution?

1917

Which dictator ruled Mexico in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, sparking the Mexican Revolution?

Porfirio Díaz

What event marked the start of the Mexican War of Independence in 1810?

Grito de Dolores (Hidalgo's call)

What is nationalism?

Devotion to one nation, sharing language/culture/history and seeking self-rule

What is a 'nation-state'?

A country governed as a single nation; rule over one people

What is an empire?

Rule over many nations or diverse peoples

What is the impact of nationalism on empires?

Nationalism can destroy empires by fostering independence movements

Who founded Young Italy and promoted Romantic nationalism?

Giuseppe Mazzini

Which statesman used Realpolitik to unify Italy through pragmatic diplomacy and alliances?

Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour

Which general led the Red Shirt Army to capture Sicily and unite with Sardinia?

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Who was the monarch who became the first king of a unified Italy?

Victor Emmanuel II

What motto or approach did Otto von Bismarck use to unite Germany?

Realpolitik (Blood and Iron)

What are the three wars that led to German unification?

Danish War, Austro-Prussian War, Franco-Prussian War

Who became the German Kaiser after unification?

Wilhelm I (William I)

Which state led the unification of Germany under Prussia?

Prussia