Body Systems

cardiovascular system

body system that transports gases, nutrients, hormones, and cellular waste products throughout the body

blood

carries oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, and waste

blood nutrients

proteins, fats, carbs, vitamins, minerals, water

blood composition

plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

plasma

liquid component of blood, 95% water, contains red and white blood cells

red blood cells

carry oxygen and remove carbon dioxide, contain hemoglobin

white blood cells

protect the immune system

platelets

stop bleeding via blood clots

blood vessels

arteries, veins, and capillaries

veins

carry blood away from the heart

coronary artery

supply nutrients and oxygen to the heart

pulmonary artery

carriers blood from the heart to the lungs

veins

carry blood towards the heart

capillaries

connect arteries and veins

heart chambers

left and right atrium (upper) and left and right ventricle (lower)

right side of heart

receives blood poor in oxygen

left ventricle

pumps blood out through the aorta

aorta

main artery for the heart

heart rate

typically between 60-100 bpm, lower is better

pulse

surge of blood that results from contractions of the heart

blood pressure

120/80 is normal, force of blood against arterial walls

ways to support cardiovascular system

healthy/balanced diet, effective and consistent exercise, not using harmful substances, good mental health

cardiovascular system parts

blood, blood vessels, heart

immune system

removes harmful organisms from the blood and fights infection/disease

immune system parts

lymph, lymph nodes, lymph vessels, tonsils, thymus, spleen

lymph

carries waster products to lymph nodes

lymph nodes

filters and destroys pathogens

pathogens

germs

spleen

filters blood and lymph

t cells

destroy harmful cells, formerly white blood cells

thymus

changes white blood cells into t cells

b cells

produce antibodies

antibodies

prooteins that fight infection

ways to support the immune system

healthy/balanced diet, effective/regular exercise, good mental health

respiratory system

body system that provides body cells with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide that cells produce as waste

mucus

thick secretion that moistens, lubricates, and protects mucous membranes

how mucus protects mucous membranes

found in nasal passages and sinuses, warms and moistens air and traps dust particles and pathogens

mucous membrane

type of tissue that lines body cavities and secretes mucus

air path

travels from mouth/nose through pharynx to trachea

epiglotis

flap that covers the entrance to the trachea when swallowing

trachea

4-5 in tube through which air moves to the bronchi and lungs, also known as windpipe

cilia

hairlike structures that remove dust and other particles from the air that line the trachea

bronchi

two tubes through which air moves to the lungs

lungs

main organs of the respiratory system

bronchioles

branches from bronchi that are small tubes that branch to form alveoli

alveoli

microscopic air sacs with thin walls through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can easily pass, 300 million in both lungs combined

oxygen exchange

takes place in alveoli and passes from it into the capillaries

carbon dioxide exchange

takes place in alveoli and passes from capillaries into the alveoli

ways to support respiratory system

avoid harmful substances and air, exercise regularly, seek medical attention for respiratory infections

endocrine system

most vital body system that controls hormones that consists of glands that produces hormones

glands

groups of cells that secrete hormones

hormones

chemical messengers released into the blood stream

pituitary gland

endocrine gland that produces hormones that effect many body functions, often called master gland

pituitary gland influences

growth; metabolism; reproductive organ development; contractions; bone and muscle development; kidney, adrenal gland, and thyroid gland functions; and many other body functions

thyroid gland

endocrine gland that produces thyroxin

thyroxin

hormone that controls metabolism and calcium balance

metabolism

rate at which food is converted into energy in body cells

parathyroid gland

endocrine gland that secretes hormones which control the amount of calcium and phosphorus in the body, 4 total

pancreas

gland that produces both digestive enzymes and insulin

digestive enzymes

essential to the digestion of food

insulin

hormone that regulates blood sugar level

diabetes mellitus

disease in which the body produces little or no insulin or cannot properly use insulin it does produce

adrenal gland

endocrine glands that secrete several hormones including adrenaline

adrenaline

hormone that prepares the body to react during times of stress or in an emergency

ovaries

female reproductive glands that produce ova and estrogen

ova

egg cells, also known as female reproductive cells, born with 200-400k

estrogen

hormone produced by the ovaries that stimulates female development

testes

male reproductive glands that produce sperm and testosterone

testosterone

hormone that produces the male secondary sex characteristics

ways to support endocrine system

regular medical checkups, monthly testicular self-exams, menstrual cycle tracking