AP World Exam 1

Scientific revolution - the french revolution

Why did people begin to challenge accepted notions of the universe put forth by the church?

• A combination of church corruption, failed crusades, literacy rates increasing, and lutheranism all contributed to the weakening power of the church

Why did the church condemn these new

scientific ideas?

• eroded their power

  • if they were wrong about heliocentrism v geocentrism what else could they be wrong about?

  • center of universe = most important; humans not center = not important

Why would the rise of the English bourgeoisie weaken the authority of the King?

• middle class was educated and relatively wealthy

• wanted a direct say in their giverance, thus leading to declining power of the king

How did the Grandees and Levelers differ in

their political views?

• Both roundheads but couldn’t agree of what would come after getting rid of an absolute monarchy

• Levellers: Believed everyone should have the right to vote because everyone helped fight the civil war (led by Leveller Colonel Rainsborough)

• Grandees: Believed not everyone deserves the right to vote unless they have money or land because they have ‘steak in the game’ (lead by General Ireton, cromwell’s son in law)

How did Oliver Cromwell enforce Puritan

ideas in the English Republic?

• banned singing, dancing, theater, gambling, public celebrations, and public sports

How does an absolute monarch differ

from a limited constitutional monarchy?

• Absolute Monarchy = No checks or balances

• Limited/Constitutional Monarchy = There are checks/balances, usually by branches of government or other people

What is the difference between being

anti-absolutist and democratic?

• Anti-Absolutist - just against a monarchy with all the power

• Democratic - People either vote for reps who then decide law or people decide votes directly (in the people’s hands)

How did the English Civil War and Glorious Revolution address the question of the role of government and the social contract?

• addressed both the role of people and their leaders

• the ability for both to act in accordance and what happens when one side becomes too powerful

• What does it mean to be a governing body? How do you properly govern people?

How did Locke’s and Hobbes’ theories on

government differ? How did their

experiences with the English Civil War

influence these theories?

• Hobbes’: People are inherently bad- government needs to control to keep safe by all means necessary.

• Locke’s: People are inherently good- don’t need tons of strict rules and supervision

• English Civil War’s Influence: the brutality that Hobbes witnessed influenced his beliefs about humanity, whereas Locke having lived through a (relatively) more peaceful area has a more optimistic outlook

How did the Scientific Revolution lead to the Enlightenment?

• Shift towards logic + reason

• questioning of long held traditions and the reexamining of society

How did the philosophes want to change

the world?

• By understanding the world and using natural science, reason and logic to change it

Why did the Enlightenment spread?

• Increased accessibility of books through the invention of the printing press

• The peoples’ discontentment with their power level.

• Aided by the first encyclopedia complied diderot

• everything is happening in france

How did the Enlightenment affect

women?

• Opened doors for the advocacy of women’s rights

• brought attention to the work of female scholars

• gave women a place in ‘academia’

• Philosophers believed: women are rational but only in the matters of domestic life

• Did not believe in female emancipation

Why would Enlightenment thinkers

oppose emancipation?

• Vehemently defended the right to personal property

• slaves were deemed as property

• in order to maintain their lifestyle of thinking and not working they needed money, probably generated from salve labor

• enlightenment existed at the same point as slavery

Why did Enlightenment thinkers oppose

the active political participation of the

lower classes?

Fought for the the right to own and defend personal property

Lower classes were too poor to own property, didn’t have a place in government (to the englightened thinkers)

How did the Enlightenment influence the American and the French Revolution?

• placed seeds of revolution

• gave an alterative to absolute monarchies

• empowered ‘lower’ class(es)

What were the causes of the American Revolution?

• American colonists were being taxed but were not able to participate in government (ie elect representatives to parliament)

• Began retaliating and were hit with heavier taxes

• Common sense by Thomas Payne condemned monarchy altogether

• American constitution was based off of English bill of rights

Was the American Revolution radical?

• Yes: The first time the ‘underdog’ overthrew a huge monarchy; began the rejection of dynasties and monarchies, inspired other places to do the same

• No: For large parts of the population it was relatively the same; women, poc, and poor people couldn’t vote, or participate in democracy but had their labor exploited.

Why did the Third Estate want to overthrow the Estates System?

• every estate has 1 vote

• first two estates = upper classes / 1% of society

• third estate = 99% of society - carried the entirety of the taxes

• if the first two estates was put to a vote; 1 & 2 ganged up on 3 and outnumbered them

How did Louis XIX attempt to address the problems of France?

• calling the estates general: Unheard of for hundred of years

• Aimed to help solve the instability in France due to financial problems

What were the initial goals of the National Assembly?

• To create a new and fairer system of government

• To write a new constitution for france

• King Louis tired to calm them down by instructing the 1st and 2nd estates to join the third

• Brought military troops to the Palace of Versailles

  • Began to transport ammunition and gunpowder around paris

What was the significance of the Caputing of Bastille

• Symbol of the monarchy’s ability to imprison someone randomly for whatever reason

• Was rumored to be stocked with ammunition

  • wasn’t there

• Became a turning point for the revolution

• Stormed bastille as a precautionary measure

  • they feared King Louis XVI would use violence to put down the revolution

• The great fear occurred- a major grain shortage occurred

  • Rumors went around saying the whole thing was an aristocratic plot to harm the 3rd estate

Why would the leaders of the Revolution want to control the power of the Church?

• To get rid of the “Old Order” in which the clergy were on top

• If they wanted to change the estate system they would need to limit the power of the church and nobility which influenced the legislation they wrote

To what extent were the goals of the revolutionaries met during the moderate phase of the revolution?

• Able to do away with the feudal system still present in france and special noble privileges (aka tax exemptions, hunting rights, feudal dues)

• Confiscated property

• Abolished mandatory tithes

• French priests swore allegiance

How did Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety change France?

• Robespierre gained power slowly starting in 1793

• set out to build a “republic of virtue” by wiping out frances past

• Committee of Public Safety : in charge of

  • Directing war effort

  • suppressing counter revolutionary activity

How did the Committee of Public Safety “protect” the revolution from internal threats?

• They re did the calendar and added the metric system

  • divided year into 12 months of 30 days, renamed each month, no sundays because religion = old fashioned

• outlawed white bread (bread of the aristocracy)

• Dechristianize france

  • closed all churches in paris; towns followed suite

How was the Revolution perceived by outside countries?

• German intellectuals celebrated : triumph of Reason and The Enlightenment.

• Royal courts in Vienna and Berlin denounced the overthrow of the king

Why did the Convention turn on Robespierre?

• He realized the revolution and new religious culture had gone to an extremes

• began to arrest and execute members of the C.O.P.S.

• but they turned on him and executing him

Absolutism

A sole ruler with no checks or balances

Divine Right

The belief that god was the reason you have a right to rule

Versailles

The elaborate palace the french monarchs lived in for centuries

Scientific Revolution

A time period in which there was a shift from theology to secularism, triumphed by logic and reason

Geocentric vs. Heliocentric Models

Geocentric - the earth is the center of the universe and everything revolves around it, championed by the greeks, bible and the church

Heliocentric - The earth revolves around the sun , proven correct by copernicus and Galileo

Scientific Method

Having a hypothesis and testing, the revising previous findings/knowledge based on your experiments

Nicolas Copernicus

Author of the heliocentric theory, kept his findings hidden until after his death, was a believer in the church and worked for them

Constitutional Monarchy

A king/queen with checks and balances often by other people or branches of government

Bourgeoisie

the middle class, typically with reference to its perceived materialistic values or conventional attitudes.

Grandees vs. Levelers

two factions of the parliamentarians:

• Levellers: Believed everyone should have the right to vote because everyone helped fight the civil war (led by Leveller Colonel Rainsborough)

• Grandees: Believed not everyone deserves the right to vote unless they have money or land because they have ‘steak in the game’ (lead by General Ireton, cromwell’s son in law)

Oliver Cromwell

The dictator following the English Civil war, held england in a military dictatorship until is death

The Glorious Revolution

William and Mary’s ‘invasion’ after James II

William and Mary, King and Queen of England

favored rulers after the Civil war, Dictatorship and reinstated monarchy

English Bill of Rights

The Bill firmly established the principles of frequent parliaments, free elections and freedom of speech within Parliament

The Social Contract

Agreement between the governors and subjects

John Locke

English philosopher and physician believed that people have three natural rights: life, liberty and property.

Thomas Hobbes

Enlightened thinker; a government headed by a king was the best form that the sovereign could take.

Natural Rights

The Enlightened belief that humans had a set of rights that were guaranteed because they were alive

Enlightenment

human reasoning could discover truths about the world, religion, and politics and could be used to improve the lives of humankind.

Philosophes

A group of radical thinkers and writers in France in the eighteenth century,

Voltaire

Enlightened thinker; believed social progress could be achieved through reason and that no authority—religious or political or otherwise—should be immune to challenge by reason. He emphasized in his work the importance of tolerance, especially religious tolerance.

Montesquieu

Enlightened thinker; a government that was elected by the people was the best form of government. He argued that the best government would be one in which power was balanced among three groups of officials

Rousseau

Enlightened thinker; He asserts that a government should express the will of its people and allow for the people to possess individual freedoms. The laws made are by the citizens' will, so people follow their own will and in doing so are abiding the law. (hated women ….)

Salons

Where the philosphes discussed and debated ideas

Mary Wollstonecraft

What was the Enlightenment’s influence on Declaration of Independence?

• “Life, Liberty, Pursuit of happiness” strong american values

Estates General First, Second, and Third Estate

French social structure pre revolution

Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette

The Tennis Court Oath

The Third estate turned national assembly which swore they wouldn;t disband until they created a constitution

National Assembly

Third estate when they left the estate system

Storming of the Bastille

Turning point in the revolution

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

it sets out the “natural and inalienable” rights, which are freedom, ownership, security, resistance to oppression; it recognizes equality before the law and the justice system, and affirms the principle of separation of powers.

Women’s March on Versaille - Why is this significant in the grand scheme of the French Rev?

Demonstrated a successful storming of the palace proved that the monarchy is subject to the will of the people gave the revolutionaries confidence in the power of the people over the king.

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

An attempt to reorganize the Roman Catholic Church in France on a national basis.

French Constitution of 1791

It limited the power of the king by forming the judiciary, Legislature, and Executive.

Maximillian Robespierre

best known for spearheading the Reign of Terror. He was an important member of the Jacobin political party.

The Committee of Public Safety

Robespierre attempt to counteract rival revolution movements and stay in power

The Guillotine

a machine for cutting off a person's head by means of a heavy blade sliding in two upright grooved posts, revolutionary invention

Jean Paul Marat

He was a vocal advocate for the execution of King Louis XVI and a staunch supporter of the radical Jacobin faction, told the government who was a suspected traitor and executed them.

The Cult of the Supreme Being

a form of deism (belief in the existence of a supreme being, specifically of a creator who does not intervene in the universe.) established in France by Robespierre during the French Revolution. It was intended to become the state religion of the new French Republic and a replacement for Roman Catholicism and its rival, the Cult of Reason.

Napoleon rise and rule

• basically dictator/emperor

• nobles were reinstated but had no privileges

• Catholic Church returned but it was weak because it had lost land and ability to collect tithes

How did Napoleon become emperor?

• 1804

  • Plebiscite (vote)

  • declared himself emperor

Napoleonic Code: 1804

• written law!

• claimed equality

• Meritocracy: based on ability, not social position or wealth

• legalized the property claims by those who gained land during the revolution

• freedom of religion

• state rights trump individual rights

• men trump women

• penalties for political crimes became more serious

• reinstituted slavery in French colonies

The Concordat of 1801

• Catholicism is primary religion

• validated selling of Church lands

• govt would pay the salaries of the clergy

Plebiscite

(direct) vote of all the members of an electorate

Napoleon’s Fall

• monarchy restored

• from 1815 to 1870, king was either Bourbon or Bonaparte

• not by divine right but by constitutional monarchy

How was Napoleon defeated?

• Russia, Prussia, Austria, Sweden formed a coalition

  • defeated French forces at Leipzig (w/British financing)

Napoleon's Rule (timeline)

• 1799: Overthrew Directory, became First Consul of France

• 1802: Consul for Life

• 1804: Emperor

  • Napoleonic Code

  • Lycées: education reform (meritocracy)

  • standardization of Europe (metric system and Code)

Napoleon system for conquered nations/regions

• appointed surrogate rulers (nepotism)

-> resulted in resistance and increased nationalism

Continental system

• 1806-1811(12)

  • blockade of British trade (countries can't import British goods)

  • isolate Britain economically since they couldn't be defeated militarily

  • France and couple other nations particpated

Napoleon and Russia

• 1812- Russia dropped out of Continental system

  • war ensued = costly, Russia set fire to cities (to limit their supplies)

  • French eventually retreated due to famine and harsh winter

Napoleon's first exile

• 1814, Napoleon abdicated
  Treaty of Fontainebleau: exiled to Elba (w/income)

  • royalists took control and restored Louis XVIII

  • 1 year later, he escaped, gathered an army and took the throne in France again

Napoleon's second exile

• allied powers defeated Napoleon at Waterloo (1815)

  • exiled to St. Helena where he died