Hundred Years War

What was William the Conqueror’s title

King of England and Duke of Normandy

When did Edward III become king

1327

What did Edward III do in 1337

claimed the French throne and declared war on France

Why did Edward III declare war on France

England controlled the Gascony area of France where wine was made - when was wine was taken to England it was taxed and King Edward made lots of money from this but French threatened to take over this wine producing area

England sold lots of wool abroad, areas near France - Flanders - turned wool into cloth. Both the English and people in places like Flanders made lots of money but French threatened to take over these area. If the wool trade stopped, it would make England poorer and people wouldn’t be able to afford to pay King Edward so much tax

King Edward was closely linked to France, his grandfather had been king of France and his mother was the daughter of a French king. He believed he had a better claim to the French throne than the French King at the time, King Philip VI.

Edward was in conflict with Scotland at this time. French promised to help the Scots which made Edward furious

How many reigns of Kings did the Hundred Years War have

5 different reigns of Kings

When was the Hundred Years War

1337 - 1453 (116 years)

Where did most of the fighting in the war happen

On French land and at sea but none happened in England

When and what was the first ‘stage’ of the war

1337 - 1360
Edwards success, 2 battles, gaining French land

When was the Battle of Crecy

1346

Why did the English win at the Battle of Crecy

English had longbow-men and cannons
Longbow’s decimated French cavalry
Soldiers shot would get in the way of the French cavalry
French forces were disorganized and suffered heavy losses

What does Edward II’s success at the Battle of Crecy show

Edward was a strong leader
England was strong
Advanced - technology
Luck

Who were expected to win at the Battle of Crecy

French because their army was 2x the size of the English army and they were wealthier
English army ~ 12000
French army ~ 20,000/30,000

When was the Battle of Poitiers

1356

Why did the English win at the Battle of Poitiers

Longbow technology and dismounted knights outmatched the French knights
Dismounted French army (cause after Battle of Crecy cavalry suffered)
Position for English was lucky (slope that protected them)
King John II was captured and held for ransom so French suffered losses

Why did the English win at the Battle of Agincourt

Longbow technology
Terrain reduced numerical advantage of the French army by narrowing the front
Thick mud, heavy armor and wooden spikes set up by the English slowed down the French army

How many soldiers did the French and English lose in the Battle of Agincourt

French 7000 - 10,000
English few 100

What did Henry V do after his victory at Agincourt

Conquer Normandy and tried to control more of France

What was the significance of the Battle of Agincourt

Belief that Henry V had a speech about:
Fighting for England, protecting England, sense of pride in your country and where you come from, glory for England, commoners were equal to lords and deserve pride (army was made of all people)

Why was the Treaty of Troyes made and what did it include

made in 1420 as a result of England’s military success
Henry’s wife was the daughter of the French King
Made Henry the heir to the French throne

What was the size of the armies at the Battle of Poitiers

English ~ 6000
French ~ 16000

Who is the Edward, the Black Prince

Prince of Wales

When was the Battle of Agincourt

1415

When did they capture the French port of Calais

1346 (nearest large port to England)

When did Edward capture the French King Philip VI

1356

How did Edward gain control of Gascony, Calais and other minor French territories

He offered to give up his demands for the French throne in return for minor French territories

When and what was the second stage of the war

began 1370 - French winning back land they’d lost

When and what was the final stage of the war

began 1413
Henry V became King of England, Battle of Agincourt, conquest

What did Henry V achieve in 1415 (on-wards)

Victory at the Battle of Agincourt
Conquest of Northern France - Normandy

When did Henry V die

1422 from dysentery

Who became king after Henry V died

Nine-month old son

What happened after Henry V died

French were inspired by Joan of Arc who believed she was called by God to free France from the English and the French began to drive the English out
French regained the land Henry V had gained and were occupied by the English

Who was Joan of Arc

17yr old French peasant girl led French army - believed that she was chosen by God to lead the French to victory

What did Joan of Arc’s army do

defeat English at the Battle of Orleans in 1429

When was the Siege of Orleans

1429

How did the French army react to Joan of Arc

Inspired by her and defeated the English forces

What was England like by 1453

Lost all their French territory except for a tiny area around Calais

When and how did Joan of Arc die

Burned at the stake the English in 1431

Why was the Hundred Years War important at the time

If the English lost England would be controlled by the French
Laws would change
Areas of France - Normandy was devastated
Armies stole crops, animals and stole money so land was damaged
Buildings were destroyed by armies

High cost of weapons, food, armor and horses meant war was expensive
French and English had to pay a higher tax in order to pay for the war
England lost wealthy regions of France like Normandy and Aquitaine so they couldn’t make money from them
Englishmen benefited from stolen goods from France
Bodiam Castle in Sussex was built from profits made from the war

war changed how battles were fought
knight on horseback was the most effective, powerful and feared part of the army
archers were also the most effective
power of missile fire introduced - longbow to the handgun
increased use of gunpowder and cannons
castles were less needed and began to decline

France had separate territories but many French nobles were killed in the war so the King of France returned as extremely powerful. War led to a surge in nationalist feelings among the French - a love for their country and king
High cost of paying for the war led the French to set up a better system of taxing the country - this was successful so they were able to pay for the first full-time army in Europe

English Identity

War caused the countries to form their own identities
During the war, England stopped using French as its official court language because it was seemed as the enemy language - this shows a sense of identity
After losing its territory in France and England became less involved with Europe
Saw England as apart from Europe
Becoming more unified and winning battles gave the English pride
With a common language and homeland, a sense of what it meant to be English quickly developed
Kings started to use English and people started speaking of themselves as English no just from a region of England showing how unified England had become
England’s outlook and aims changed too - it now looked to conquer lands outside Europe, a country that would soon look to develop an empire in newly found lands