APAFAM Sophomore Finals Study Guide: Reconstruction Era

Reconstruction

Reintegration of Confederate states post-Civil War.

13th Amendment

Abolished slavery, except as punishment for crime.

14th Amendment

Established birthright citizenship and equal protection.

15th Amendment

Prohibited voting discrimination based on race.

Black Voters

Enabled African American participation in politics.

Freedmen's Bureau

Assisted formerly enslaved people from 1865 to 1872.

Family Bonds

Disrupted by slavery; new kinship formed post-emancipation.

Family Reunification

Search for relatives separated during slavery.

Legal Marriages

Formerly enslaved sought legal recognition of unions.

Family Reunions

Tradition to connect with lost relatives post-emancipation.

Dred Scott v. Sandford

Supreme Court case overturned by the 14th Amendment.

Jim Crow Era

Period of racial segregation and rights suppression.

Political Representation

Increased African American legislators during Reconstruction.

Civil Rights

Rights gained by African Americans during Reconstruction.

African American Officeholders

Nearly 2,000 served in public office during Reconstruction.

Transition to Citizenship

Freedmen's Bureau aided newly freed people's integration.

Abandoned Lands

Freedmen's Bureau managed properties from the Civil War.

Culinary Traditions

Celebrated in modern family reunions among Black families.

Kinship Bonds

New family connections formed post-slavery.

Political Participation

Formal involvement of African Americans in governance.

Civil Rights Movement

1960s fight to reclaim rights from Reconstruction.

Voting Rights

15th Amendment aimed to secure for Black men.

Southern Politics

Significant African American involvement during Reconstruction.

Education

Freedmen's Bureau established schools for formerly enslaved.

Legal Recognition

Formerly enslaved sought acknowledgment of their marriages.

Cultural Heritage

Family reunions preserve Black history and resilience.

Assistance Programs

Freedmen's Bureau provided food, clothing, and legal aid.

Post-Emancipation Traditions

New customs developed among freed African Americans.

Black Codes

Restrictive laws undermining African Americans' rights.

Property Ownership Restrictions

Limited property ownership for African Americans.

Labor Contracts

Contracts requiring labor with minimal pay.

Vagrancy Laws

Punished those without labor contracts.

Child Apprenticeships

Children taken for unpaid labor without consent.

Special Field Orders No. 15

Redistributed land to freed African American families.

Andrew Johnson's Retraction

Revoked land redistribution, returning it to owners.

Sharecropping

System requiring crop sharing with landowners.

Crop Lien System

Borrowing against future harvests for supplies.

Debt Cycle

Vicious cycle of debt for farmers.

Convict Leasing

Prisoners leased for labor under harsh conditions.

Compromise of 1877

Ended Reconstruction, legalized segregation in states.

Suppression of Suffrage

Black voting limited by taxes and tests.

Racial Violence

Threats and violence against African Americans.

Ku Klux Klan

Terrorist group promoting white supremacy.

Plessy v. Ferguson

1896 ruling upholding racial segregation laws.

Separate but Equal

Legal doctrine allowing racial segregation.

Impact of Plessy

Legalized unequal resources and facilities.

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 ruling dismantling segregation laws.

Reconstruction Era

Period post-Civil War focused on rebuilding.

Abolition

Ending of slavery in the United States.

Family Reunions

Tradition of reconnecting separated Black families.

Presidential Reconstruction

Initial phase of rebuilding post-Civil War.

Economic Advancement

Struggles faced by African Americans post-slavery.

Legal Benefits

Rights gained by African Americans after abolition.

Kinship Ties

Family connections disrupted by slavery.

Social Controls

Efforts to maintain control over African Americans.

Compromise of 1877

Marked end of Reconstruction era in America.

Poll Taxes

Fees required to vote, disenfranchising Black voters.

Literacy Tests

Assessments used to restrict voting rights.

Plessy v. Ferguson

1896 case legalizing segregation via 'separate but equal'.

Jim Crow

Derogatory term for African Americans, 1830s origin.

Jim Crow Laws

State laws enforcing racial segregation in the South.

Civil Rights Movement

1950s-1960s effort to overturn Jim Crow laws.

Nadir

Lowest point of race relations post-Reconstruction.

Lynching

Extrajudicial killings, prevalent during the Nadir.

Mob Violence

Public acts of violence against Black individuals.

Black Journalists

Writers exposing racism and violence against Black people.

Trolley Boycotts

Resistance strategy against segregation by Black activists.

Red Summer

1919 period of heightened racial violence in America.

Tulsa Race Massacre

1921 attack destroying Greenwood, 'Black Wall Street'.

Great Migration

Movement of Black Americans to escape Southern oppression.

Urban Race Riots

Over 30 riots occurred during the Red Summer.

Economic Disparity

Wealth gap between Black and white Americans.

Racial Violence

Violence targeting Black Americans, especially in early 20th century.

White Supremacist Attacks

Violent actions against Black communities by white mobs.

Black Activists

Leaders resisting segregation and advocating for rights.

Segregation Policies

Laws mandating separation of races in public facilities.

Black Wall Street

Thriving Black community in Tulsa before the massacre.

Racial Discrimination

Unjust treatment based on race, prevalent in history.

Supreme Court

Judicial body that upheld segregation laws.

Southern Lynch Laws

Legal justifications for lynching Black individuals.

Economic Opportunities

Job availability affecting Great Migration decisions.

Public Acts of Racism

Visible demonstrations of racial hatred and violence.

Political Activism

Efforts to influence government policies for justice.

We Wear the Mask

Poem symbolizing African Americans' hidden struggles.

The Souls of Black Folk

Book addressing African American identity and challenges.

The Mask Symbol

Represents separation from American society.

The Veil Symbol

Signifies struggle for self-improvement amid discrimination.

The Color Line

Metaphor for racial discrimination and segregation.

Double Consciousness

Internal conflict of subordinated groups in society.

Causes of Double Consciousness

Result of racism, fostering agency and resistance.

Booker T. Washington

Advocated industrial education for economic advancement.

W.E.B. Du Bois

Promoted liberal arts education and civil rights.

Atlanta Exposition Address

Washington's speech advocating industrial education focus.

Nannie Helen Burroughs

Educator and suffragist, founded NACW.

National Association of Colored Women

Organization promoting Black women's education and rights.

Impact of the Arts

Encouraged pride in African American cultural achievements.

Lift Every Voice and Sing

Song by Johnson, known as Black National Anthem.

Women's Suffrage Movement

Advocacy for women's voting rights in early 20th century.

Black Women's Leadership

Central to rebuilding communities post-slavery.

Labor Unions

Organized for fair treatment of Black workers.