Savannah - Bio Review_ DNA Test

DNA backbones

Made up of phosphate and sugar.

Shape of DNA

Double helix.

Semiconservative DNA replication

Two copies of the original DNA molecule are produced, each copying one-half of the original.

Purines

Nitrogenous bases with two rings; specifically, Adenine (A) and Guanine (G).

Pyrimidines

Nitrogenous bases with one ring; specifically, Thymine (T) and Cytosine (C).

Hydrogen bonds between Adenine and Thymine

2 hydrogen bonds.

Hydrogen bonds between Cytosine and Guanine

3 hydrogen bonds.

Helicase

Enzyme that separates the two strands of DNA for replication.

Polymerase

Enzyme that replicates the DNA and helps in DNA repair.

Ligase

Enzyme that glues the DNA strands together during replication.

Charga’s Rule

The amount of Adenine equals Thymine and the amount of Cytosine equals Guanine in a DNA strand.

Characteristics distinguishing DNA from RNA

DNA has 2 strands; RNA has 1 strand.

Transcription

The process where mRNA is produced using DNA as a template.

Translation

The process where proteins are produced from mRNA.

Silent mutation

A mutation that does not change the amino acid sequence.

Missense mutation

A mutation that results in a different amino acid being encoded.

Nonsense mutation

A mutation that results in early termination of the amino acid chain.

Frameshift mutation

A mutation caused by insertions or deletions, altering the reading frame of the genetic code.