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First Agricultural Revolution (Neolithic Revolution)

Dating back 10,000 years, the First Agricultural Revolution achieved plant domestication and animal domestication

Second Agricultural Revolution

Result of the industrial revolution. tools and equipment were modified, methods of soil preparation, fertilization, crop care, and harvesting improved the general organization of agriculture made more efficient

Third Agricultural Revolution (Green Revolution)

Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

agricultural hearths

areas of settlement during the neolithic period, especially along major rivers, from where farming and cultivation of livestock eminates

Terrace Farming

a farming system that is in the form of steps going up a mountain

irrigation

A way of supplying water to an area of land

carrying capacity

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support

deforestation

The removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves.

Desertification

Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting.

slash and burn agriculture

Another name for shifting cultivation, so named because fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation and burning the debris.

Commercial Agriculture

Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm.

subsistence agriculture

Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family

Green Revolution

Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers.

Hybrids

The offspring of two different varieties of crop (corn)

GMOs

Organisms that have been geneticly altered to improve their usefulnes

Pastoral Nomadism

A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals.

Ranching

A form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area.

shifting cultivation

A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period.

plantation agriculture

Production system based on a large estate owned by an individual, family, or corporation and organized to produce a cash crop. Almost all plantations were established within the tropics; in recent decades, many have been divided into smaller holdings or reorganized as cooperatives

mixed crop and livestock farming

Commercial farming characterized by integration of crops and livestock; most of the crops are fed to animals rather than consumed directly by humans.

Grain Farming

The mass planting and harvesting of grain crops, such as wheat, barley, and millet.

Commercial Gardening

The intensive production of nontropical fruits, vegetables, and flowers for sale off the farm.

dairy farming

a farm that produces milk or milk products, and are usually around big urban areas

Mediterranean agriculture

An agricultural system practiced in the Mediterranean style climates of Western Europe, California, and portions of Chile and Australia, in which diverse specialty crops such as grapes, avocados, olives, and a host of nuts, fruits, and vegetables comprise profitable agricultural operations.

livestock ranching

An extensive commercial agricultural activity that involves the raising of livestock over vast geographic spaces typically located in semi-arid climates like the American West.

extensive land use

land use in which farms are huge, with few workers and not many cows or sheep per hectare

intensive land use

farming that typically utilizes small farms and has large input per acre (on the von Thunen model, this would be the inner rings) example: Chinese rice paddies

double cropping

Harvesting twice a year from the same field.

Intercropping

An agricultural method in which two or more crop species are planted in the same field at the same time to promote a synergistic interaction.

Agribusiness

Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations.

feed lot

an area or building where livestock are fed and fattened up.

supply chain

the group of firms that make and deliver a given set of goods and services

Monoculture

farming strategy in which large fields are planted with a single crop, year after year

suitcase farm

an American commercial farm in which no one lives, and work/harvesting is done by migratory workers.

luxury crops

Non-subsistence crops such as tea, cacao, coffee, and tobacco

Neocolonialism

Also called economic imperialism, this is the domination of newly independent countries by foreign business interests that causes colonial-style economies to continue, which often caused monoculture (a country only producing one main export like sugar, oil, etc).

fair trade movement

an effort to promote higher incomes for producers and for more sustainable farming practices

Transhumance

The movements of livestock according to seasonal patterns, generally lowland areas in the winter, and highland areas in the summer.

French long-lot system

sections were long and thin and ran perpendicular to a river (Quebec and Louisiana)

Horticulture

Cultivation of crops carried out with simple hand tools such as digging sticks or hoes.

Von Thunen Model

An agricultural model that spatially describes agricultural activity in terms of rent. Activities that require intensive cultivation and cannot be transported over great distances pay higher rent to be close to the market. Conversely, activities that are more extensive , with goods that are easy to transport, are located farther from the market where rent is less.

bid-rent curve

a geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the Central Business District (CBD) increases. It states that different land users will compete with one another for land close to the city centre.

comparative advantage

The ability of a country to produce a good at a lower cost than another country can. Maybe due to better land or conditions.

aquiculture

the rearing of aquatic animals or the cultivation of aquatic plants for food.

Overgrazing

Destruction of vegetation caused by too many grazing animals consuming the plants in a particular area so they cannot recover

environmental determinism

the view that the natural environment has a controlling influence over various aspects of human life including cultural development

Possibilism

Undernourishment

Dietary energy consumption that is continuously below the minimum requirement for maintaining a healthy life and carrying out light physical activity.

MDCs

Countries such as the United States, Germany, and Australia who have the highest levels of economic development

LDCs

Countries located on the edge of the world core that are seeking improved conditions for their residents through economic growth

Enclosure Acts

a series of United Kingdom Acts of Parliament which enclosed open fields and common land in the country, creating legal property rights to land that was previously considered common.

Clustered Settlements

A rural settlement in which the houses and farm buildings of each family are situated close to each other and fields surround the settlement.

Dispersed settlement

A rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages.

Domestication

the process of changing plants or animals to make them more useful to humans