Microbial Diversity: ​ EUKARYOTIC MICROBES​

LEARNING OUTCOMES

1. compare and contrast the differences between ALGAE, PROTOZOA, and FUNGI​

2. explain what is meant by a “RED TIDE” and its MEDICAL SIGNIFICANCE​​

3. list the four major categories of PROTOZOA and their most important DIFFERENTIATING CHARACTERISTICS

4. define the term PELLICLE, CYTOSTOME, and STIGMA​​

5. list five major infectious diseases of humans that are caused by PROTOZOA and five that are caused by FUNGI​

6. define and state the importance of PHYCOTOXINS and MYCOTOXINS

7. explain the differences between AERIAL and VEGETATIVE HYPHAE, SEPTATE and ASEPTATE HYPHAE, and SEXUAL and ASEXUAL SPORES​​

8. Explain the major DIFFERENCE between a LICHEN and a SLIME MOULD

Eukaryotic Microbes:​ ALGAE​

• singular alga

• photosynthetic microorganisms​

• protist, classified under the kingdom PROTISTA​

• contain double-membrane cell organelles​

• pellicle, a thickened cell membrane​

• stigma or eyespot, a light-sensing organelle​

• flagella for locomotion

pellicle

• a thickened cell membrane

stigma or eyespot

• a light-sensing organelle​

flagella

• locomotion

STRUCTURE OF A ALGAE

ALGAE SIZE

• tiny, unicellular microorganisms

• large, multicellular, plant-like seaweeds

ALGAE ARRANGEMENTS

• colonies

• strands

• solitaries

ALGAE HABITAT

• fresh water

• salt water

• wet soil

• wet rocks

PHYLUM AND COMMON NAME

• bacillariophyta

• chlorophyta

• chrysophyta

• dinoflagellata

• karenia brevis

• zooxanthellae

• euglenophyta

• phaeophyta

• rhodophyta

BACILLARIOPHYTA

diatoms

BACILLARIOPHYTA structural arrangement

unicellular

BACILLARIOPHYTA predominant color

olive brown

BACILLARIOPHYTA photosynthetic pigments

• Chlorophyll c​

• Carotenoids​

• Xanthophylls

BACILLARIOPHYTA habitat

freshwater and seawater

CHLOROPHYTA

green algae

CHLOROPHYTA structural arrangement

unicellular/multicellular

CHLOROPHYTA predominant color

green

CHLOROPHYTA photosynthetic pigments

chlorophyll b

carotenoids

CHLOROPHYTA habitats

freshwater (predominant) and seawater

CHRYSOPHYTA

golden brown algae

CHRYSOPHYTA structural arrangement

• most unicellular flagellates

• some are amoeboid

• others non-motile

CHRYSOPHYTA predominant color

golden olive

CHRYSOPHYTA photosynthetic pigments

• chlorophyll c

• carotenoids

• xanthophylls

CHRYSOPHYTA habitat

freshwater

DINOFLAGELLATA

dinoflagellates

DINOFLAGELLATA structural arrangement

unicellular

DINOFLAGELLATA predominant color

brown

DINOFLAGELLATA photosynthetic pigments

• chlorophyll c

• carotenoids

• xanthophylls

DINOFLAGELLATA habitat

freshwater/ seawater

DINOFLAGELLATA

• possess two flagella​

• one wrap around a groove along the middle of the cell​

• one trailing free

KARENIA BREVIS

(scanning electron micrograph)​

KARENIA BREVIS

• they form blooms that color the water red, reddish-brown, yellow​

KARENIA BREVIS

• common cause of red tide in Florida​

KARENIA BREVIS

• behavioral changes​

• muscular impairments​

• disorientation

ZOOXANTHELLAE

important in reef-building coral

• they fix carbon dioxide by photosynthesis, release organic matter used by coral, and help in the formation of coral skeleton​

CORAL ANATOMY

Corals provide the zooxanthellae with a protected environment, and the coral polyp cells produce carbon dioxide and water that the zooxanthellae need for photosynthesis. ​

The zooxanthellae use energy from the sun to turn the carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and help the coral to remove wastes. ​

Most importantly, zooxanthellae supply the coral with the building blocks of sugars and proteins, which are the products of photosynthesis. ​

The coral uses these products to make proteins, fats, and carbohydrates, and produce calcium carbonate. This leads to coral growth and reproduction.​

EUGLENOPHYTA

euglena

EUGLENOPHYTA structural arrangement

unicellular

EUGLENOPHYTA predominant color

green

EUGLENOPHYTA photosynthetic pigments

• chlorophyll b​

• carotenoids ​

• xanthophylls

EUGLENOPHYTA habitat

freshwater

PHAEOPHYTA

brown algae

PHAEOPHYTA structural arrangement

multicellular seaweeds

PHAEOPHYTA predominant color

olive brown

PHAEOPHYTA photosynthetic pigments

• chlorophyll c​

• carotenoids​

• xanthophylls

PHAEOPHYTA habitat

seawater: most commonly cold environments

RHODOPHYTA

red algae

RHODOPHYTA structural arrangement

multicellular seaweeds

RHODOPHYTA predominant color

red to black

RHODOPHYTA photosynthetic pigments

• chlorophyll d​

• carotenoids​

• phycobilins

RHODOPHYTA habitat

seawater/freshwater; most commonly tropical environments

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE

• FOOD SOURCE
  SOURCE OF PHYCOCOLLOIDS

• ALGIN

• CARRAGEENAN

• AGAR

• FERTILIZER

• FOOD ADDITIVES

• CORALINE ALGAE

• EUROPE

• NUTRITION SUPPLEMENT

• SOURCE OF BIOFUELS

FOOD SOURCE

• people discovered that many seaweeds are edible ​

• some of red and brown algae​

• seaweed is a big business in China, Japan, Korea and other nations

SOURCE OF PHYCOCOLLOIDS​

• gelatinous chemicals that are used in food processing and manufacturing of other products​

• ALGIN​

• major source is giant kelp (Macrocystis)​

• Laminaria

ALGIN

stabilizer and emulsifier

baking industry

thickener and emulsifier

manufacture

textile industry

ALGIN stabilizer and emulsifier

• ice cream, cheese, and toppings​

​

ALGIN baking industry

prevent frosting and pies from becoming dry

ALGIN thickener and emulsifier

pharmaceutical and chemical industries

ALGIN manufacture

shampoo, shaving creams, plastics, pesticides​

rubber products, paper, paints, and cosmetics​

ALGAE textile industry

thickens the printing paste to provide sharper prints​

CARRAGEENAN

​

• obtained from red algae​

​

• Irish moss (Chondrus) in the North Atlantic​

​

• Eucheuma in the tropics​

​

• used as an emulsifier

AGAR

• has the ability to form jellies​

• used to protect ham, fish, and meats during canning, in low-calorie foods, and as a emulsifier​

• used in laxatives and other pharmaceuticals and cosmetics​

• used as a medium in which to grow bacteria

• used in research involving the analysis of proteins and DNA​

• obtained from red algae​

• Geledium, Gelidiella, and Pterocladiella

coralline algae

used in Europe to reduce the acidity of soils​

sources of biofuels

form of ethanol and oil​

Medical Significance​

• very rare cause of human infections​

  Prototheca​

• protothecosis​

• lives in soil and can enter the wounds​

• produces subcutaneous lesion to a crusty, warty-looking lesion​

• can cause debilitating and fatal infection as it enters the lymphatic system especially of immunosuppressed individuals

Eukaryotic Microbes:​ PROTOZOA

• eukaryotic organism under the kingdom PROTISTA​

• animal-like organisms​

• most are unicellular, ranging from 3 µm to 2,000 µm​

• most are free-living found in soil and water​

• pellicles, cytostomes, contractile vacoules, pseudopodia, cilia, and flagella

• they do not have chlorophyll to make their own food​

• some ingest whole algae, yeast, bacteria, and smaller protozoans as their source of nutrients​

• others live in dead and decaying organic matter

eukaryotic organism kingdom

kingdom PROTISTA

eukaryotic organism unicellular range

3 µm to 2,000 µm​

Eukaryotic Microbes _______ to make their own food​

do not have chlorophyll

some ingest whole algae, yeast, bacteria, and smaller protozoans as their __________

source of nutrients

Stages of the Life Cycle of Protozoans​

1. Trophozoite stage

2. Cyst stage

1. Trophozoite stage​

• motile, feeding, dividing stage in a protozoan’s life cycle​

2. Cyst stage​

• non-motile, dormant, survival stage​

• it is like in some ways, bacterial spores

some protozoans are parasites​

they break down and absorb nutrients from the body of the host in which they live

many protozoans are pathogens​

• Malaria​

• Giardiasis​

• African sleeping sickness​

• Amebic dysentery

protozoans form symbiotic relationship with the ___​

​

host animals

• e.g intestinal protozoa in termites digest the wood eaten by termites to absorb nutrients necessary for life​

CILIATES

• the most complex of all protozoans ​

Means of movement​

• cilia​

​

Method of asexual reproduction​

• transverse fission​

​

Method of sexual reproduction​

• conjugation​

​

Representatives ​

• Balantidium coli, Paramecium, Stentor, Tetrahymena, Vorticella

CILIATES Means of movement​

cilia

CILIATES Method of asexual reproduction​

transverse fission

CILIATES Method of sexual reproduction​

conjugation

CILIATES representatives

• Balantidium coli, Paramecium, Stentor, Tetrahymena, Vorticella​

Cilia

• hairlike structures that are on the surfaces of the organisms​

Balantidium coli​

• causes dysentery in underdeveloped countries​

​

• usually transmitted to humans from drinking water contaminated by swine feces​

​

• the only ciliates that causes disease to humans​

causes dysentery in underdeveloped countries​

Balantidium coli​

• usually transmitted to humans from drinking water contaminated by swine feces​

Balantidium coli​

the only ciliates that causes disease to humans​

Balantidium coli​

AMEBAE

Means of movement​

• pseudopodia (false feet)​

​

Method of asexual reproduction​

• binary fission​

​

Method of sexual reproduction​

• flagellated sex cells when present​

​

Representatives ​

• Amoeba, Naegleria, Entamoeba histolytica

  ​

ameboid movement​

• extends the pseudopodium in the direction it intends to move and then the rest of the cell slowly flows into it​

​phagocytosis​

• ingest food by surrounding a food particle with pseudopodia​

​

pinocytosis​

• ingesting of fluids for nutrients​

​

food vacoule​

• a membrane-bounded container for food

AMEBAE Means of movement​

• pseudopodia (false feet)​

AMEBAE Method of asexual reproduction​

• binary fission​

AMEBAE Method of sexual reproduction​

• flagellated sex cells when present​

AMEBAE Representatives

• Amoeba, Naegleria, Entamoeba histolytica​

ameboid movement​

• extends the pseudopodium in the direction it intends to move and then the rest of the cell slowly flows into it​

​phagocytosis​

• ingest food by surrounding a food particle with pseudopodia​

pinocytosis

• ingesting of fluids for nutrients​

food vacoule​

• a membrane-bounded container for food

Entamoeba histolytica​

causes amebic dysentery and extraintestinal abscesses

• Dysentery

Dysentery

gastrointestinal disease caused by bacterial or parasitic infections. Symptoms include diarrhea, fever, nausea, vomiting, weight loss and stomach cramps.​

Naegleria fowleri​

• causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis​

Acanthamoeba spp.​

• cause eye infections [keratitis]​

• a rare parasitic eye infection that affects the cornea