AP PSYCH UNIT 3

Developmental Psychology

Study of how people grow and change throughout their lifespan.

Teratogens

Potential harmful agents that can produce birth defects or abnormalities

Usually only causes damage if it occurs during a critical period during prenatal development

Factors: Maternal illness, genetic mutations, hormonal factors, environmental factors

Down Syndrome

Caused by an extra chromosome, has a positive correlation with mothers age and likelihood of having a child with down syndrome

Fine and gross motor coordination

Physical and Psychological milestones that define infancy and childhood

Fine Motor skills

ability to use small muscles in hands, wrists and fingers to coordinate movements ex. eating writing and getting dressed

Gross motor skills

ability to use large muscles to crawl walk and throw

Imprinting

a psychological phenomenon where a young animal forms an attachment to the first moving object it sees, often a parent.

Rooting reflex

When corner of babys mouth is touched or stroked infant will turn their head and open their mouth

Menarche

Occurs during adolescence, females first menstruation, marking the onset of fertility

Spermarche

Occurs during adolescence, mens first ejaculation, marking the onset of fertility.

Puberty

The period of physical and hormonal changes in adolescents, leading to sexual maturity and the development of secondary sexual characteristics.

Primary sex characteristics

Sex organs involved in reproduction

Men: Sperm production

Women: Ovulation and menstruation

Secondary Sex Characteristics

Sexual characteristics that develop during puberty but aren’t directly involved in reproduction

Men: broad shoulders, lower voice, growth of facial hair and pubic hair

Women: Ovulation and menstruation, Development of breasts hips

Adulthood

decreased lens elasticity, leading to vision loss

more difficulty to hear higher frequency sounds

crystalized intelligence increases and fluid intelligence decreases

reaction time decreased because of decreased muscle mass

slower nervous system and cognitive processing

menopausae

Gibson visual cliff experiment

Visual cliff apparatus to demonstrate infants to perceive depth

results showed that infants wouldnt crawl even if they could touch it (81%)

perception is inherent, not learned

Critical or sensitive periods

periods of time in infancy and childhood where strong developmental effects occur, such as skills as language

Critical period hypothesis

theory in linguistics that suggests there is a short window to learn languages because of brain plasticity

Sensorimotor stage

0-2 years old

Object permanence

Preoperational stage

2-7 years old

Mental symbols

Pretend play

Egocentrism

Irreversibility

Animism

Begin to develop a theory of mind

Concrete operational stage

7-11 years old

Develop conservation

Reversibility obtained

Formal operational stage

11+

gain the ability to abstractly and hypothetically

Mental symbols

Connecting words to images in an imaginative way

Pretend play

recreating roles around them

Irreversibility

difficulty understanding actions can be undone

egocentrism

can’t see things from other’s perspective

theory of mind

opposite of egocentrism - understanding others feelings and opinions

Conservation

ability to realize if sandiwhc is split into 4 its still sandiwhc

Vygotsky’s socioculteral theory

poeple can attain higher levels of cognitive developmet through help from others such as adul;ts ad peers - simjilar to nurture

Lev Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development   

how much children can do with the right help

Analogy

Scaffolding - support

Centration

babies focusing on only one specific characteristic and ignoring the others

Conception

sperm meeting egg + father is the one to determine the baby’s gender

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

caused when the mother drinks alcohol when pregnant - can cause intellectual disability or physical deformities

Temperament

the innate characteristics that influence how a child reacts to the world, including their emotional responses and behavior.

Schemas

mental frameworks that organize and interpret information.

Assimilation

the process of incorporating new experiences into existing schemas without changing them.

Accomidation

the process of changing existing schemas or creating new ones in response to new experiences.

Gestation

the period of development from conception to birth in humans and other mammals.

Chromosomes

X (female

Y (male)

structures within cells that contain genetic material

humans typically have 46 chromosomes.

Phonemes

the smallest units of sound in a language that can distinguish meaning.

cat - kuh, ah, tuh

Morphemes

the smallest units of language that carries MEANING, which can be words or parts of words.

playing - play and ing

Syntax

the set of rules that govern the structure of sentences in a language, including word order and sentence formation.

Pragmatics

knowing what to say, when to say, how to say

unwritten social rules

Authoritative parent

High warmth + High control

Authoritarian parents

High control + Low Warmth

Permissive parents

Low control + High Warmth

Uninvolved parents

Low control + Low warmth

Secure attachment

• caregiver respond in a consistently attentive and loving way to the child

• child develops a positive sense of self-worth (“i am lovable”) and positive view of others (“people are loving and can be trusted”)

Insecure / Fearful attachment

• caregiver in the first bond is unavailable or communicates in negative, rejecting, abusive way to child

• child believes they are unworthy of love and others are not loving

Anxious-Avoidant / Dismissive attachment

• caregiver who are disinterested, rejecting, or unavailable to child

• the child does not accept caregiver view of them being unlovable - dismiss others as unworthy instead

• child develops positive view of themselves and low regard for others

Anxious/Ambivalent attachment

• inconsistent caregiver; sometime loving, sometime rejecting

Trust vs Mistrust

Infancy (0-1.5) a sense of trust requires a feeling of physical comfort & minimal amount of fear about the future. Infant's basic needs are met by responsive, sensitive caregivers

Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt

toddler (1.5-3) after gaining trust infants discover they have a will. They assert their sense of autonomy or independence. If restrained or punished too harshly, they are likely to develop a sense of shame & doubt

Initiative vs Guilt

3-5 Preschool learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans or they fell guilty about efforts to be independet

Industry vs Inferiority

Middle/Late Childhood (6-puberty) Children direct their energy toward mastering knowledge & intellectual skills the danger at this stage involves feeling incompetent & unproductive

Identity vs Role Confusion

Teens -20s Teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testinf roles and then intergrating them in form a single idenity or become confused about who they are

Intimacy vs Isolation

20s-40s Young adults struggle to from close relstionships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel social isolated

Generativity vs Stagnation

40s-60s The middle-ages discover a sense of contrbuting to the world usually through family and work, or they feel a lack of purpose

Integrity vs Despair

Late Adulthood....Review their lives and if satisfied feel sense of accomplishment they will experience ego integrity........if not they may sink to despair.

Classical conditioning

a form of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being associated with a stimulus that already elicits that response

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

smell of favorite food make you feel hungry

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that automatically elicits a particular unconditoned response

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

the sound of bell (=food)

in classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a particular conditioned response after being paired with a particular unconditioned stimulus that already elicits that response

Unconditioned response (UCR)

jumping back after touching a hot plate

in classical conditioning, an unlearned, automatic response to a particular unconditioned stimulus

Conditioned response (CR)

pavolv’s dog begins salivating at bell

in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus

High-order conditioning

in classical conditioning, the establishment of a conditioned response to a neutral stimulus that has been paired with an existing conditioned stimulus

Stimulus generalization

in classical conditioning, giving a conditioned response to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus

Stimulus discrimination

in classical conditioning, giving a conditioned response to the conditioned stimulus but not to stimuli similar to it

Extinction

in classical conditioning, the gradual disappearance of the conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without being paired with the unconditioned stimulus

Spontenuos recovery

in classical conditioning, the reappearance after a period of time of a conditioned response that has been subjected to extinction

Operant conditioning

is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior.

Law of Effect

Behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely; behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

Shaping

procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

Positive reinforcement

Something is added to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

good grades = given money

Negative reinforcement

Something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

child follows rules = removing restrictions

Primary reinforcer

an innately (naturally) reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need

(food, water)

Secondary (conditioned) reinforcer

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer

(money to buy food)

Acquisition

in classical conditioning, acquisition refers to the period when the stimulus comes to evoke the conditioned response.

Learning

relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experince

Neutral stimulus

Something that does not initially produce a specific reaction

Taste aversion

conditioned dislike/aversion to food that makes you ill before

Biological preparedness

an organism is predispositioned to form associations between stimuli and responses

Positive punishment

Something is added to decrease the likelihood of a behavior.

(spanking child when he throws tantrums)

Negative Punishment

Something is removed to decrease the likelihood of a behavior.

(child misbehaves and parent takes away favorite toy)

Language Acquisition Device (LAD)

Language Acquisition Device located in the brain that sifts through language, applies the universal rules, and begins tailoring the system to specifics of the language spoken in the young child's environment

Learned Helplessness

After someone experiences a stressful situation repeatedly, they believe they are unable to change the situation so they don’t even try

Holophrastic Stage

(9-18 months)

the period of time when children speak using single words (or holophrases)

(Go!)

Telegraphic Speech

(18-24)

a form of communication consisting of simple two-word long sentences

(I hungry)

Over-extension

child uses a single word to refer to multiple objects or concepts

(ball = balloon)

Over-regularization

children extend regular grammatical patterns to irregular words

(goed = went)