exam 1

ch1-4

anatomical

structures of the nervous system; cells, lobes, nuclei, ganglia

functional

motor control system, language system, sensory system, etc.

CNS

brain, brainstem, & spinal cord

PNS

nerves extending out from brainstem and spinal cord (nerves that exit out from the brainstem & spinal cord)

Central Nervous System

protected by bony encasing, tissues, and fluid

Meninges

triple layer of tissues surrounding entire brain and spinal cord; adds extra cushioning and protection

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

within ventricles. inside brain and within meninges surrounding CNS

Gray matter

cell bodies; process information; towards the center (opposite in the brain)

gyrus

"hills"

sulcus

deep valley between two gyri

white matter

axon; carry signals to other neurons/structures; on the outer layer (OPPOSITE in the brain)

Peripheral Nervous System

12 cranial nerves, 31 spinal nerves; no protection

Autonomic

PNS; unconscious control of body system

sympathetic nervous system

autonomic nervous system; fight-flight-freeze response

parasympathetic nervous system

autonomic nervous system; return to rest/homeostasis

somatic

innervates skeletal muscle; conducts sensory motor signal for voluntary control of the body

afferent

conducting inward or toward the CNS; direction of flow for the sensory system

coronal/frontal

slice creating front and back sections

caudal

toward the tail

efferent

conducting outward/away from the CNS; direction of flow for the motor system

medial

toward the midline

rostral

toward the nose

ventral (brain)

bottom of the head

midsagittal slice

goes through midline, creating equal left and right sections

distal

away from point of attachment

dorsal (brain)

top of the head

deep/internal

away from the surface

sagittal slice

divides the body into right and left portions

superior

towards the top

contra-

opposite

lateral

away from the midline, toward the side

ipsi-

same

proximal

toward the point of attachment

horizontal slice

divides into top and bottom sections

central

towards the center

superficial/external

toward the surface

dorsal (body)

toward the backbone from the neck down

peripheral

away from the center

frontal lobe regions

anterior frontal, superior/posterior frontal, inferior frontal

anterior frontal

high level cognition

superior/posterior frontal

motor systems

inferior frontal

L: basic, expressive language

R: expressive, emotional prosody

parietal lobe regions

anterior, superior, and inferior parietal

anterior parietal

primary sensory strip

superior parietal

attention, body schema, usual "where" pathway processing

inferior parietal

L: language processing (reading & writing)

R: emotional prosody, comprehension

temporal lobe regions

superior, anterior, posterior, inferior temporal

superior temporal

language processes

anterior temporal left hemisphere

semantic processing

posterior temporal

L: language comprehension

R: emotional prosody, comprehension

inferior temporal

memory, visual, usual "what" pathway processing, olfactory processing

occipital lobe

visual processing happens

parieto-occipital sulcus & calcarine sulcus

basal ganglia

deep nuclei/ganglia, extensively connected to motor & sensory systems

caudate nucleus

c-shaped, follows structure of lateral ventricle

thalamus

sensory relay and extensive connections to cortex, cerebellum, and brainstem

cerebellum

posterior to brainstem; attached to peduncles; motor control and has connections to language and cognitive systems

peduncles

white matter tracks

brainstem

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

midbrain

tegmentum (ventral) & tectum (dorsal)

pons

posteriorly form cerebellar peduncles

medulla oblongata

becomes spinal cord after exiting cranium

surface landmarks

sagittal sulcus, central sulcus, sylvian fissure (lateral sulcus), insula

sagittal sulcus

longitudinal fissure; separates L & R hemispheres

central sulcus

separates frontal & parietal; pre-central gyrus & post-central gyrus

pre-central gyrus

anterior to central sulcus

post central gyrus

posterior to central sulcus

Sylvian fissure (lateral sulcus)

separates temporal lobe from frontal and parietal lobes

insula

just under the surface; cortex deep in sylvian fissure

medial surfaces

cingulate gyrus, corpus callosum, calcarine sulcus, thalamus, and hyrpothalamus

cingulate gyrus

part of limbic system, involved in emotions and memory

corpus callosum

massive white matter tract connecting L &R hemispheres

hypothalamus

part of limbic system, involved in regulating body systems

soma

cell body, contains nucleus and organelles

dendrites

afferent, receiver

axon

efferent, sender; ends in axon terminal/terminal bouton; created by microtubules, microfilaments, and neurofilaments

synapse

point of communication between axon terminal and other structure (neuron, muscle, gland)

hierarchical complexity on vertical axis

spinal cord, brainstem, diencephalon, cerebrum

spinal cord (complexity)

reflexes, basic communication

brainstem (complexity)

life sustaining responsibilities, control for autonomic and visceral systems, integration of signals

diencephalon (complexity)

central core; integrating signals, some less-understood cognitive roles

cerebrum (complexity)

complex sensory and motor integration, perception, and cognitive and language functioning

brain organization: cytoarchitecture

6 layers of neuron cell bodies in the cortex with different connections and general functions; brodmann's area

Brodmann's areas

different cellular organization; roughly associated with different functions

purpose of ventricular and meningeal systems (CNS)

protection, support, facilitating communication

disruption to CNS protective mechanisms

(potentially) hematomas, hydrocephalus, meningitis

cranial fossa

interior surface of the skull

anterior cranial fossa

frontal lobe

middle cranial fossa

temporal lobe

posterior cranial fossa

parietal and occipital lobes, cerebellum, brainstem

foramen magnum

transition point from brainstem (medulla) to the spinal cord

meningeal layers

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater (PAD)

meningeal layers functions

CNS protection and hold structures in place

dura mater

"tough mother"; thick, 2 layered; scalp -\> skull -\> periosteal layer -\> meningeal layer

periosteal layer

outer layer of dura mater, adheres to cranium and spinal cord; allows space for meningeal arteries

meningeal layer

inner layer of dura mater

potential space related to Dura

not normally open, open in pathology - tears in meningeal arteries (blood might pool)

epidural space

space superficial (periosteal layer) to dura mater

subdural space

space beneath dura (between dura and arachnoid/pia)

major infoldings of dura

falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, tentorium cerebelli

falx cerebri

separates the two cerebral hemispheres; attaches at the crista galli and just above the corpus callosum