5. Moral development, Cognitive development & Identity status

Lawrence Kohlberg

an American psychologist best known for his Theory of Moral Development, which describes how moral reasoning progresses through three levels and six stages.

Theory of moral development

a stage theory that explains how people develop moral reasoning through three levels

Level 1: Preconventional

a level of Moral development by lawrence kohlberg that is characterized by focus on self interest and the consequences of actions. Decisions are based on potential punishment or reward

Stage 1: Punishment and obedience

a stage of Moral development by lawrence kohlberg where it is bout obeying is right to avoid punishment. (Sumusunod ako kasi takot ako mapalo huhu)

Stage 2: Mutual benefit

A stage of Moral development by lawrence kohlberg where you believe that it is right when the both of you benefit. (Tama lang na iilibre nya ako kasi pinakopya ko naman sya kanina)

Level 2: Conventional Level

a level of Moral development by lawrence kohlberg that is about individuals who make decisions based on societal norms and expectations of others.

Stage 3: Interpersonal Expectations

a stage of Moral development by lawrence kohlberg where individual believe that being good is right and abiding by social expectations to gain approval of others (Tutulungan ko si nanay tumawid para makita ako ni crush as a good person)

Stage 4: Law and order

a stage of Moral development by lawrence kohlberg where you believe that when you maintain and perform your duty as an individual of society, you will be seen as right or good person (Ndi ako tatawid jaan kc bawal jan tomawid majjay-walking aq)

Level 3: Post-conventional level

a level of Moral development by lawrence kohlberg where reasoning is based on abstract principles and personal values, where individuals consider ethical implications

Stage 5: Legal principles

a stage of Moral development by lawrence kohlberg where you believe that when you promote values of fairness, justice, equality and democracy and protect basic human rights it is considered right or good (Laws are important, bawal tumawid talaga jan kasi jaywalk, pero kasi walang kasabay si nanay tumawid so sasabayan at tutulungan q nlang)

Stage 6: Universal moral principles

a stage of Moral development by Lawrence kohlberg where it is about your self-chosen ethical principles that are connected with your respect for sanctity of human life. What you think right is right (I follow my conscience and universal justice, even against laws.)

K. Warner Schaei

an American psychologist best known for the Seattle Longitudinal Study on aging and intelligence, and for proposing the stages of adult cognitive development that explain how thinking changes from youth to old age.

Cognitive development model

a model by k. Warner schaei where it discusses how our thinking changes as we age.

Acquisitive stage

a stage of cognitive development model by K. Warner Schaei where an individual is in the stage of childhood-adolescence, where they learn and starts to collect knowledge. (Nagaaral)

Achieving stage

a stage of cognitive development model by K. Warner Schaie where an individual is in the stage of young adulthood, where they start to use the knowledge they collect and use to to achieve personal goals (Finishing a degree, starting a career, making life decisions)

Responsible stage

a stage of cognitive development model by K. Warner Schaei where an individual is in the stage of middle adulthood, where an individual focuses on managing responsibilities related to family and work, rather than explicitly planning for a legacy. (Working to provide for family, raising children)

Executive stage

a stage of cognitive development model by K. Warner Schaei where an individual is still in adulthood. This stage is usually optional for an individual. It involves using knowledge and skills in complex organizational settings but does not directly relate to personal legacy concerns. (Doing org stuff)

Reintegrative stage

a stage of cognitive development model by K. Warner Schaei where an individual is in the stage of late adulthood, where it involves selecting tasks that are meaningful and relevant to the individual’s current life situation but does not specifically emphasize leaving a legacy. (Doing hobbies, basically prioritizing what u want since tanda mo na eh ano pa iintindihin mo)

Legacy-creating stage

a stage of cognitive development model by K. Warner Schaei where an individual is in the stage of late adulthood where it is associated on focusing leaving a legacy for future generations. They usually consider their estate, values, and experiences they wish to pass on.

James Marcia

a Canadian psychologist best known for expanding Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory. He created the Identity Status Theory

Identity statues theory

a theory that explains how adolescents form their identity through exploration and commitment.

Identity diffusion

a type of identity status theory by james marcia where it indicates lack of both exploration and commitment (Ndi ka nakapasa ng quali exam tapos di ka na nag explore ng ibang course n di na rin nag aral)

Identity foreclosure

a type of identity status theory by james marcia where an individual makes a commitment to an identity without having explored other options. Often happens when choices are made based on external pressures or expectation rather than personal exploration (ndi ka pomasa quali exam tas nag shift ka nalang ng ibang course kasi sayang yung school year, pero ndi mo sha inexplore if gusto mo ba talaga yung course or what)

Identity Moratorium

a type of identity status theory by james marcia where it is a state of active exploration without commitment yet, which does not alight with the feeling of being forced. (ndi ka pomasa QE, pero ket ganun tinake mo lang time mo para mag hanap ng course na interesado ka talaga syempre para mapasa mo na and ndi mo cinonsider yung school year)

Identity achievement

a type of identity status theory by james marcia where an individual is exploring at the same committing or they explored first and then after exploring, they commit sum lyk dat.