Ch 1-8 Anatomy Final Exam Review!

What are the three basic types of fibers

Collagen fibers, elastic fibers, reticular fibers

What are the functions of the nervous system

Providing sensation of the internal and external environment, processing sensory information, coordinating voluntary and involuntary movements, regulating or controlling peripheral structures and systems

The spinal cord and brain make up the

central nervous system

What cranial nerves are primarily sensory?

What cranial nerves are sensing taste?

Where do enlargements of the spinal cord occur?

in the spinal segments that control the limbs

What are collaterals?

branches of axon

The cells small phagocytic that can be seen in damaged tissue in the CNS are called

Microglia

What are the functions of the neuroglia

support, secretion of cerebralspinal fluid, isolation of neurons, and phagocytosis

What can cause a person to feel "on the edge" during the sympathetic stimulation?

Stimulation of the reticular activating system, as when this system is activated you are full aware

The only cranial nerve that is attached to the cerebrum is?

Olfactory

How many cranial nerves? Spinal Nerves?

12 cranial nerves and 31 spinal nerves

Which cranial nerve has three branches

trigeminal nerve

The motor innervation of muscles of facial expression is through?

The facial nerve

What cranial nerve if damaged could cause death?

Vagus

corticospinal is a

descending tract

What is the name for the projections seen on gray matter towards the outer surface of the spinal cord?

Horns

In the reticular formation when stimulated it results in?

increased consciousness

The basal nuclei includes?

Caudate nucleus

What is the purpose of descending tracts?

Carrying motor information to the organs

What effect can the toxin Tetrodotoxin have if it blocks the sodium channels from opening?

Neurons will not be able to propagate action potentials

What system has control over the viscera?

Autonomic nervous system

If there was a decrease in the autonomic tone of smooth muscle in blood vessels would result in?

An increase in vessel diameter

Ventral roots suffered damaged to the first five thoracic spinal nerves on the right side of the body would interfere with

Dilate right pupil

Example of a monosynaptic reflex

Stretch reflex

Pulling away from a painful stimulus is an example of the

Withdrawl

All living organisms share the

following characteristics:

• Responsiveness: Respond to changes in their environment

• Growth:Increase in size through growth or addition of cells

• Reproduction: Reproduce creating new generations

• Movement: Movement maybe internal like blood transporting or external moving through the environment

• Metabolism: Rely on complex chemical reactions to provide energy

Metabolism refers to

all the chemicals operations in the body

Anatomy

Study of internal and external body structures, physical relationships between body parts.

Physiology

Study of how organisms perform/ carry out vital functions.

Gross anatomy

(Macroscopic) The study of the structures of the body that can be seen with the naked eye, including organs and organ systems.

Surface anatomy

general form and superficial markings

Regional anatomy

considers all the superficial and internal features in a specific region of the body, such as head, neck, or trunk.

Sectional anatomy

The study of the internal structures of the body through the use of imaging techniques or slicing, often represented in cross-sections.

Systemic anatomy

considers the structure of major organ systems, which are groups of organs that function together in a coordinated manner

Cytology

study of individual cells

Histology

study of tissues

Microscopic anatomy

deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye

Special physiology

the study of the physiology of specific organs

Cell Physiology

the study of the functions of living cells

Systemic physiology

considers the functions of organ systems

Pathological physiology (pathology)

the study of the effects of diseases on organ or system functions

Whats is the correct level of organization in the human body?

Chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organism level

The human body consists of__organ systems

11

Name the human body systems

Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive

Homeostasis

refers to a stable internal environment, Maintains stable internal conditions, Utilizes negative, feedback mechanisms

To survive every living organism must maintain

Homeostasis

A receptor

Sensitive to a particular environmental change or stimulus

Control center or integration center

receives and processes information from the receptor

An effector

a cell or organ that responds to the commands of the control center and whose activity either opposes or enhances the stimulus.

Integumentary system

Protects against environmental hazards; control body temperature; provides sensory info. Hair, skin, nails

Skeletel system

supports and protects the body

Axial Skeleton

Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column

Appendicular skeleton

Bones of the limbs and limb girdles that are attached to the axial skeleton

Muscular System

Provides movement, produces heat, tendons

Nervous system

brain, spinal cord, nerves, directs immediate responses to stimuli, interprets sensory information about internal and external conditions

Homeostatic regulation usually involves

negative feedback

Negative Feedback

A type of regulation that responds to a change in conditions by initiating responses that will counteract the change. Maintains a steady state.(Basically lets say your playing a sport and you get hot so your body to oppose this effect it sweats to cool you down :0)

Positive Feedback

Feedback that tends to magnify a process or increase its output. It exaggerates instead of decreasing like negative feedback.(Basically lets say you cut your self and you start bleeding so positive feedback kicks in and increases the amount of blood cells to the damage of vessel wall and it clots it so you stop bleeding.

What is anatomical position?

Hands are on the sides with palms facing forward and feet are together

Supine means

face up

Prone means

face down

How many abdominopelvic quadrants are there? Name them

4:RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ

How many abdominopelvic regions are there? Name them

9: Right hypochondriac region, Epigastric region, left hypochondriac region, Right lumber region, Umbilical, Left lumber region, Right inguinal region, Hypogastric region, Left inguinal region

Frontal/Coronal Plane

vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions

Sagittal Plane

divides body into left and right

Transverse plane

divides the body into superior and inferior parts

The true body cavities are closed, fluid filled spaces lined by a thin tissue layer called a

serous membrane

The thoracic region and abdominal region is separated by the

Diaphragm

Anterior

Ventral

Posterior

Dorsal

Thoracic cavity

The chamber of the body located between the neck and the diaphragm, containing the heart and lungs.

Pleural cavities

Two fluid-filled spaces that surround each lung, providing lubrication and allowing for movement during breathing.

Pericardial cavity

The space between the heart and the pericardium, filled with fluid that reduces friction as the heart beats.

Cephalic

toward the head

Caudal

toward the tail

Proximal

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Distal

away from the point of attachment

The wrist joint is__to the elbow joint

distal

The body cavities of the trunk have two essential functions

1) protect delicate organs from accidental shocks

2) Permits significant changes in the size and shape of internal organs they surround

Viscera serous membrane does what?

Lines the walls of internal cavities and covers the surfaces of the enclosed viscera

What is the purpose of serous membranes?

To reduce friction caused by moving organs

What is the mediastinum?

structure separating the right and left thoracic cavities, between pleural cavities

The abdominalpelivc cavity contains which cavity?

Peritoneal cavity

Peritoneal cavity

space between visceral and parietal peritoneum

The dorsal body cavity contains

(Skull) cranial cavity and (Vertebrae) vertebral cavity

MRI Scan

uses radio waves and a very strong magnetic field to produce images of the soft tissue

PET Scan

a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task

Ultrasound

Sound waves with high frequencies above the normal human range of hearing

CT scan

Three-dimensional relationships and soft tissue structures more clearly

X-ray

A high-energy, short-wavelength form of electromagnetic radiation.

Digital subtraction aniography of cornary arteris

Monitor blood flow

4 Types of tissues

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

What is included in the epithelial tissue

epithelia and glands

Glands are composed of

fluid-secreting cells derived from epithelia

Characteristics of Epithelia:

• Cells closely packed

• Apical cells exposed to external orinternal surface

• Cells attached to basement membrane

• Lack blood vessels

• Cells continually replaced

Functions of Epithelia 4:

• Physical protection

• Permeability control

• Sensation trigger

• Specialized secretions

Exocrine

Secretion onto a body surface. Ex) Perspiration on the skin, milk produce by mammary glands

Endocrine

Secretion (of hormones) into neighboring tissue sand blood.

Tight Junction

where the membranes of two adjacent cells join together to form a barrier tightly, preventing the passage of water and solutes