CESTODES

Clinical Parasitology

Taenia saginata

beef tapeworm

upper jejunum

habitat of T. saginata

Egg, proglottids

diagnostic stage of T. saginata

Cysticercus bovis

infective stage of T. saginata

Oncosphere

what is inside the egg of T. saginata

3

how many pair of hooklets are there in an oncosphere or embryo of T. saginata

proglottids

what is the first specimen usually brought to the lab

15-20

how many lateral branches in T. saginata

7-15

how many lateral branches in T. solium

proglottids

irritated by alcohol

• Microscopy

• Concentration techniques

• Perianal swabs

laboratory exams for Taenia spp.

Praziquantel

treatment for T. saginata

• recovery of the scolex

• negative stool examination 3 months after treatment

what are the criteria for being cured from Taeniasis (T. saginata)

Taenia solium

Pork tapeworm

small intestine

habitat of Taenia solium

Cysticercus cellulosae

the infective stage of T. solium

Pig, Man

Intermediate host of T. solium

Man

Definitive host of T. solium

Taenia solium

what Taenia spp. have 4 acetabula, has a crown and cushion like rostellum

cysticercosis

• Most commonly located in striated muscles and in the brain, but the subcutaneous tissues, eye, heart, lung , and peritoneum have all been involved.

• May produce inflammation and may survive up to 5 years.

Neurocysticercosis

• most serious manifestation, which is considered as one of the most serious zoonotic disease world wide

• may be found in the brain

racemous cysticercosis

subarachnoid form may lead to an aggressive form of neurocysticercosis

cerebral cysticercosis

• convulsion is the most common manifestation

• visual and motor deficits, headache and vomiting may occur

• Increased opening pressure

• Elevated protein

• Decreased glucose

• Increased mononuclear cells

• Half of the cases show CSF eosinophilia

CSF result if affected by cerebral cysticercosis

Opthalmic cysticercosis

can be diagnosed through visualization of the cysticerci using opthalmoscopy

Praziquantel and Niclosamide

drug of choice in treating Taenia solium

Hindus

people with this religious belief are immune to T. saginata

Moslems

people with this religious belief are immune to T. solium

-20 degrees celsius

at what degrees should the cysticerci should be freeze for 10 days to prevent Taeniasis

Taenia asiatica

Taenia specie that is reported among aborigines of Taiwan

Taenia asiatica

resembles saginata, but the appearance of cysticercus resemble T. solium

Hymenolepsis nana

dwarf tapeworm

Hymenolepsis nana

found mainly among children worldwide and only tapeworm that can complete its entre life cycle in a single host

small intestine

habitat of dwarf tapeworm

Person to person; fecal-oral transmission

how is Hymenolepsis nana transmitted

Hymenolepsis nana

• 4 cup-shaped suckers

• rectangular rostellum armed with a single row

• anterior proglottids short

direct cycle

host ingests egg which hatch in the duodenum

indirect cycle

accidental ingestion of infected arthropod intermediate host like rice and flour beetles

rice and flour beetles (Tenebrio spp.)

infected arthropod intermediate host of Hymenolepsis nana

Praziquantel

drug of choice in treating Hymenolepsis nana

Diphylidium caninum

very common intestinal parasite of dogs and cats worldwide

Diphylidium caninum

4 deeply cupped suckers and protrusible rostellum armed with 1-7 rostellum

Ctenocephalides felis

cat flea

Pulex irritans

human flea

Trichodectes canis

dog louse

Raillietina garrisoni

• 4 acetabula

• 2 alternating circular rows rostellum with 90-140 hammer-shaped hooks

• mature proglottids has a bilobed ovary

Flour beetle (Tribolium confusum)

what is the insect intermediate host of Raillietina garrisoni

Raillietina garrisoni

most common intestinal cestode of rodents in the PH

Diphyllobotrium latum

fish tapeworm / broad tapeworm

small intestine

what is the habitat of Diphylobotrium latum

Diphyllobotrium latum

• has 2 bothria

• neck is long and attenuated and followed by immature proglottids

• testes are located in the dorsolateral part of the proglottids

coracidium

egg that has complete develoment in water and released as free swimming _______

coracidium (Diphylobothtrium latum)

a ciliated embryo, which is ingested by freshwater copepods of the genera Cyclops and Diaptomus

Diphyllobotrium latum

what parasite can cause an infection that may result as hyperchromic megaloblastic anemia with thrombocytopenia and leukopenia

examination of gastric juice

to differentiate anemia due to diphyllobotriasis from pernicious anemia

achlorhydria

pernicious anaemia is associated with ______

plerocercoid

infective form Diphyllobothrium latum

-18 degrees C

at what temperature kills all plerocercoids

Echinococcus spp.

one of the emerging zoonotic diseases

Echinococcus spp.

• pyriform scolex

• short neck

• 3 proglottids (immature, mature, gravid)

small intestines of canines

where is the habitat of Echinoccocus spp.

• goats

• horses

• camels

• sheeps

intermediate hosts of Echinoccocus spp.

Man

considered accidental host of Echinoccocus spp.

hydatid cysts (diagnostic stage)

larval stage of Echinoccocus spp.

unilocular hydatid cysts

cyst of Echinococcus granulosus

alveolar cysts

cyst of Echinococcus multilocularis