Bio Module 1

An element’s atomic number represents the

number of ______ that atoms of the element

have

Protons

A carbon atom has a total of ______ subatomic

particles located within the nucleus.

12

Of the elements below, which one is most

abundant in your body

Oxygen

Argon (Ar) is not reactive (i.e., not likely to form

chemical bonds with nearby atoms) because

______.

Its outermost shell is full with 8 electrons

Covalent

chemical bond where two atoms share electrons to form a stable bond

ionic bond

a chemical bond formed by the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions, created when one atom completely transfers one or more electrons to another atom

Hydrogen bonds __________

Form between molecules

The high heat capacity of water is owed to

______, which constrain the movement of

individual water molecules

hydrogen bonds

Chemicals that absorb excess hydrogen ions

are called ______, which act to resist

changes in pH

buffers

The acidity of the stomach helps aid

digestion by breaking down ______

Proteins

Carbohydrates function well as fuels because

of their ______, which release energy when

broken

bonds

Lipids are diverse in structure, but all are

alike in that they are _______

hydrophobic

Lipids

diverse group of fatty, waxy, or oily organic compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents, serving functions like energy storage, cell structure, and hormone production in living organisms

Which type of fat is solid at room

temperature and can contribute to

heart disease and strokes

Saturated fat

Which type of fat has double bonds and looks crooked

Unsaturated

“Roid rage” results from taking synthetic

variants of which group of lipids

Sterols

Sterols

a type of lipids characterized by a multiringed structure

Proteins are polymers made of a

combination of ______ monomers

amino acid

An “essential” amino acid is one that

______

can’t be synthesized by the body

Proteins are sensitive to pH and

temperature and may be ______ if either is

too high or too low

Denatured

Denatured

having had its natural physical structure or chemical properties altered, either by removing its natural qualities or by changing its shape, making it unfit for its original use

Enzyme

biological catalyst, a specialized protein that speeds up necessary chemical reactions within living cells without being consumed or changed in the process

The function of nucleic acids is to code

for and build ______

proteins

What are the base pairs of nucleic acid

A-T, C-G

The theory of endosymbiosis explains the

origin of which organelles of the eukaryotic

cell

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

which is not a function

of the plasma membrane

Provide support and generate motion of the cell

which serves as a

“name tag” on a cell so that the immune

system knows the difference between our

own cells and invading cells

glycoproteins

Isotonic Solution

has the same concentration of solutes as the fluid inside a cell, resulting in no net movement of water across the cell membrane

which is not a function of

the cytoskeleton

it is the site of protein synthesis

Cytoskeleton

network of protein filaments and tubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells that gives the cell shape, provides structural support, and is involved in cell movement and transport

ATP

a molecule that serves as the "energy currency" in all living cells, providing the energy for essential metabolic processes like muscle contraction, nerve signal transmission, and active transport

A cell is not producing enough ATP to power

cellular activity; which organelle below is not

functioning properly

Mitochondrion

Fatty acids, phospholipids, and steroids are

not being synthesized; which organelle

below is not functioning properly

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

a cellular organelle, a network of membranes within a eukaryotic cell that lacks ribosomes

In a human cell, proteins are being

synthesized and folded, but are not being

delivered outside the cell. Which organelle

below is not functioning properly?

golgi apparatus

golgi apparatus

cell organelle that acts as the cell's "post office," processing, modifying, and packaging proteins and lipids received from the endoplasmic reticulum into vesicles for transport to their final destinations within or outside the cell

All together, the endomembrane

system functions to _______.

produce and modify molecules to be exported from

the cell

potential energy

stored energy an object has due to its position or state

ATP is ______ the cell

potential energy of

The role of water in the “photo” reactions of

photosynthesis is to supply ______

replacement electrons to chlorophyll a

The end product of the “photo” part of

photosynthesis is _______, chemical energy

that is used in the “synthesis” part

ATP

In the Calvin cycle, the enzyme ______

“fixes” carbon dioxide by attaching it to an

organic molecule

rubisco

The Calvin cycle is a cycle in which ______ is

used to regenerate the 5-carbon molecule

that reacts with carbon dioxide

glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

Cellular respiration breaks down _______ to

release energy for storage in ATP

Glucose

In the “uphill” phase of glycolysis,

______ is used to destabilize glucose

ATP

In the citric acid cycle, modified pyruvate is

broken down to release many _______ that

will go on to the third step of cellular

respiration

high-energy electrons

NADH and FADH₂ are molecules that accept

______ to be used in the last step of cellular

respiration

electrons

Cellular respiration depends on ______ to

accept lower-energy electrons at the end of

the electron transport chain

oxygen