Bio- cells and microorganisms/biodiversity

7 needs for life

Movement, nutrition, respiration, Excretion, growth, reproduction, Homeostasis, sensitivity,

The 3 Cell theory points

Cells contain hereditary material, cells are the smallest structural and functional unit of life, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells through cell division.

Gene?

Unit of hereditary material which is transferreed from parent to offsrping

What is larger out of Prokaryote and Eukaryote

Eukaryote

the 5 kingdoms of life

Animal, plant, fungi, Bacteria, protists

What is the differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells

Prokaryotic cells are smaller, and lack a nucleus, while eukaryotic cells are larger, and contain a defined nucleus and organelles.

State the function of a flagella in bacteria

Flagella enable bacteria to move by providing propulsion

What is cell division in Prokaryotes called and how does it work?

Cell division in prokaryotes is called binary fission, where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells.

1. DNA Replication: The cell's DNA is copied, resulting in two identical chromosomes.

2. Chromosome Segregation: The two chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell.

3. Cell Elongation: The cell increases in size, separating the two chromosomes further.

4. Septum Formation: A partition (septum) forms at the mid-cell.

5. Cell Division: The cell divides into two identical daughter cells, each with its own chromosome.

In binary fission are the daughter cells identical or unidentical to the parent cell

The daughter cells are identical to the parent cell

Difference between mitosis and meiosis

Mitosis is a type of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells, while meiosis is a specialized form of division that produces four genetically diverse gametes, done during sexual reproduction.

Mitosis steps?

1. Prophase: Chromosomes condense and become visible, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the spindle fibers form.

2. Metaphase: The chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate (the middle of the cell), attached to spindle fibers.

3. Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cell, pulled by the spindle fibers.

4. Telophase: Chromosomes arrive at the poles and decondense, the nuclear envelope reforms, and the cell prepares for division.

5. Cytokinesis: division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells.

What is a chromatid?

A chromatid is one half of a duplicated chromosome, which is joined to its sister chromatid by a centromere until separated during cell division.

what is a centromere?

A centromere is the region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids are joined together.

why does mitosis occur?

To provide growth or repair damage cells

Heterotroph vs. Autotroph

Heterotrophs obtain energy by consuming organic substances, while autotrophs produce their own energy through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.

Chemical formula for Photosynthesis

6CO₂ + 6H₂O = C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

Carbon dioxide + water = Glucose + oxygen

Chemical formula for respiration

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ = 6CO₂ + 6H₂O

Glucose + oxygen = Carbon dioxide + water

Chemical formula for Anaerobic repiration

C₆H₁₂O₆ = 2C₃H₆O₃

Glucose = Lactic acid

Chemical formula for alcohol fermentation

C₆H₁₂O₆ = 2C₂h₅OH + 2CO₂

Glucose = Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide

What is the cell membrane composed of?

Lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates

What is the phospholipid bilayer?

A layer in the membrane of a cell that forms a stable barrier that separates the inside of a cell from its external environment

Diffusion

Tendency for particles to spread out evenly into the available space (From a higher region to a lower concentration gradient)

Passive transport

Transport of material across a membrane. No energy is required because it is going from a higher gradient to a lower gradient

Osmosis

Diffusion of WATER across a selectively permeable membrane (From a lower to a Higher gradient, until it is equal on both sides)

Tonicity

The ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to lose or gain water.

When the surrounding solution is the same inside the cell as it is on the outside?

Isotonic solution (equal volume)

When the solute concentration is greater than inside of the cell

HYPERtonic (Decreased volume)

When the solute concentration is less than inside the cell

HYPOtonic (Increased volume)

Facilitated diffusion

larger or charged molecules move across the cell membrane with the assistance of membrane proteins. requires no energy

Active diffusion

the movement of molecules across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration t higher concentration—against the concentration gradient. (Requires energy)

endocytosis vs. exocytosis

Endocytosis moves large molecules into a cells, and exocytosis moves them out

Function of nucleus

serves as a cell control centre, contains the DNA

Function of Rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Rough: responsible for protein synthesis, modification and sorting

Smooth: responsible for synthesis of lipids, steroids, and carbohydrates

Function of Golgi apparatus

Processing, packaging and distributes proteins and lipid within the cell and for export.

Function of mitochondria

generates ATP through cellular respiration

Function of Ribosomes

responsible for protein synthesis

Funtion of chloroplast and what cell is it found in

Responsible for photosynthesis and is found in the plant cells

What is biodiversity

the variety of all living things including diversity, genetics, species and ecosystems. (in general the higher the biodiversity the more stable it is).

What is Ecology

Study of the interactions between organisms and the nevironmetnnt.

What is a species

Group of related living things that share common characteristics, and capable of fertile reproduction.

What is a community

Population of different species in an area

What is an Ecosystem

Community of organism in an area that interact with each other and the physical environment.

What is genetic diversisty

The variation of genes within a species

What is ecosystem diversity

The variety of different ecosystems withing an environment

What is species diversity

The variety of different species found in an area or ecosystem

What is a phenotype

The observable characteristics of an individual resulting from its genotype

what is a genotype

An organisms complete set of hereditable genes

What are the 8 taxonomic ranks is order

Domain, Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, Genus, species

behavioural adaptation

Action’s or activities that improve and organisms survival and reproductive success in its environment.

Structural adaptation

physical features of a living thing that improves its chances of survival and reproductive success.

Physiological adaptation

Internal metabolic or physiological adjustments within the cells of an organism in response to an environment stimulus

What is zonation

Distributing the zone or region of an environment according to altitude or depth.

What is stratification

Abiotic vs. biotic

Abiotic is the non-living things of an environment

Biotic is the living things withing an environment

Primary succession vs. secondary succession

Primary succession is when an ecosystem is born after a natural disaster where live was not previously there

secondary succession is when an ecosystem is born after a natural disaster where live was previously there

What is the bottleneck effect

drastic reduction in population size due to a sudden environmental change.

What is the founder effect

When a few individuals are isolated from a larger population through deliberate migration or a natural change in the geographic landscape