try 1

phatho/ immuno/ para

Immunological Disorders

Diseases related to dysfunction of the immune system, broadly classified into immunodeficiency, hypersensitivity reactions, and autoimmune diseases.

Hypersensitivity Reactions

Exaggerated immune responses classified into four types, with Types I and II being antibody-mediated and Type IV being cell-mediated.

Type I Hypersensitivity

Immediate hypersensitivity reaction caused by the binding of IgE antibodies to allergens, leading to the release of histamines from mast cells.

Anaphylaxis

A severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction that occurs rapidly after exposure to an allergen.

Atopy

Increased susceptibility to develop Type I hypersensitivity reactions, often with a family history of allergic conditions.

IgE

Immunoglobulin E, an antibody associated with allergic reactions and responsible for immediate hypersensitivity.

Mast Cells

Cells that release chemicals like histamines during allergic reactions, playing a crucial role in Type I hypersensitivity.

Histamine

A chemical mediator released during allergic reactions that causes dilation of blood vessels and increase in vascular permeability.

Eosinophils

White blood cells involved in the inflammatory response and play a role in the late-phase reaction of Type I hypersensitivity.

Lymphoid Organs

Organs and tissues responsible for the development and function of immune cells, including primary (thymus and bone marrow) and secondary lymphoid organs.

Phagocytosis

The process by which certain immune cells engulf and digest pathogens and particles.

T-lymphocytes (T cells)

A type of white blood cell that plays a central role in cell-mediated immunity and is divided into various subtypes like T helper and T cytotoxic cells.

B-lymphocytes (B cells)

Immune cells responsible for producing antibodies, which are proteins that can specifically bind to antigens.

Autoimmunity

A failure of the immune system to distinguish between self and non-self, leading to the body attacking its own tissues.

Cytokines

Hormone-like proteins that are secreted by various cells and have an important role in cell signaling and mediating immune responses.

Natural Killer Cells

A type of lymphocyte that attacks and destroys virus-infected cells or tumor cells non-specifically.

CD markers

Cluster of differentiation markers identified on immune cells that help differentiate between various cell types and functions.

Biohelminths

Helminths (worms) that require more than one host to complete their lifecycle.

Trematodes

Flatworms (flukes) that possess suckers and are parasitic, often with complex life cycles involving multiple hosts.

Cestodes

Tapeworms that have a segmented body and lack a digestive system, absorbing nutrients directly from the host's intestine.

Nematodes

Roundworms characterized by a cylindrical shape and a complete digestive system, with separate sexes.

Autoimmunity

An inappropriate immune response against self-antigens, leading to disease.