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Neisseria meningitidis
Gram negative diplococci that can ferment glucose and maltose
Waterhouse-Friedrichsen syndrome
Most severe form of meningococcemia which leads to bilateral hemorrhagic destruction of the adrenal glands
None that’s why it is not significant
Function of the capsule of Neisseria gonorrhea
Complement 5-9 deficiency
Deficiency of what component of the immune system predisposes a patient to Neisseria infection
Brudzinski’s sign
A 12-year-old male presents with flexion of legs and thighs with passive flexion of neck. What sign of meningeal irritation is this?
Penicillin G
Treatment of choice for Meningococcemia
A, C,Y and W-135
Prevention is better than cure that’s why vaccine against N. meningitidisis available. This vaccine contains capsular polysaccharide of what strains of N. meningitidis?
Lipooligosaccharide
A 19-year-old male came in due to septic arthritis. Gram stain of the synovial fluid showed gram negative diplococci. Toxicity of this organism is mostly due to what toxin?
Neisseria gonorrhea
Most common cause of urethritis and PID. Also the most common cause of septic arthritis in sexually active adults.
Ceftriaxone + Doxycycline
Treatment of choice for infections with N. gonorrhea
Nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT)
Gold standard for the diagnosis of gonorrheal infection
Haemophilus influenzae type b
A gram-negative rod with polyribitol phosphate capsule that can be cultured using chocolate agar. It causes epiglottitis.
X (Hemin) and V (NAD)
H. influenzae requires what factors to be able to grow?
Staphylococcus aureus
Satellite phenomenon of H. influenzae can be observed around colonies of what bacteria?
Catarrhal phase
What phase of pertussis infection are antibiotics most effective?
-Causes ADP ribosylation
-Activates G protein leading to increase cAMP
Mechanism of action of pertussis toxin
Legionella pneumophila
A 36yr old male was admitted due to pneumonia associated with non-bloody diarrhea and hyponatremia. What is the most likely causative agent?
Legionella pneumophila
Causative agent of Pontiac fever
Charcoal yeast extract agar
Agar used for the isolation of Legionella pneumophilla
Escherichia coli
Most common cause of urinary tract infection
Enterotoxigenic E. coli
A 28 year old male who went to travel to a local region in the Philippines went to the ER due to persistent watery diarrhea. Culture on EMB agar showed greenish metallic sheen. What strain of this bacteria is most likely the culprit?
E. coli 0157:H7
A 40yr old male was brought to the ER due to persistent bloody diarrhea after eating hamburger which he bought from the street. He was noted to have hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia and uremia. What is the most likely causative agent?
E. coli
What is the facultative organism that is predominant in the large intestine and can be used as an index of fecal contamination of a water sample?
Bacteroides fragilis
What is the most predominant organism of the large intestine? This organism is considered as anaerobic.
Widal test
Tests used to detect antibodies against Salmonella in patient’s serum
Vi antigen
Capsular antigens for bacteria are labeled as K antigen except for Salmonella which is labeled as _________.
Patients with sickle cell anemia
Who are at greater risk of developing osteomyelitis due to S. cholerasuis?
Bone marrow culture
The most sensitive diagnostic modality for Salmonella infections
Gallbladder
In cases of chronic carriers of Salmonella, the microorganism can usually be isolated at ______.
Shigella dysenteriae
A 30yr old male was brought to the ER due to bloody-diarrhea, abdominal pain and confusion. Culture of the stool showed non-lactose fermenting gram negative rods which are non-motile and does not produce H2S. What is the causative agent?
ADP ribosylation leading to stimulated Gs protein which increases cAMP
Mode of action of Subunit A of Cholera toxin
Thiosulfate Citrate Bile Salt Sucrose agar
Agar of choice for the isolation of Vibrio cholerae
Fluid and electrolyte replacement
Treatment of choice for Cholera
Vibrio cholerae 01 biotype El Tor
The strain of Vibrio that led to a pandemic of Cholera in the past is _________
Vibrio vulnificus
A 30-year-old male came to the ER due to watery diarrhea associated with abdominal cramps, vomiting, and low grade fever. Upon taking detailed history, it was noted that symptoms develop after eating raw seafood. What is the causative agent?
Campylobacter jejuni
Small, motile, non-spore forming curved microaerophilic bacilli that is associated with GBS
Skirrow agar
Agar of choice for C. jejuni
Urethritis, Uveitis and Arthritis
Triad of Reiter Syndrome
Amoxicillin + Clarithromycin + PPI
Triple therapy for H. pylori includes:
Proteus mirabilis
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Helicobacter pylori
Ureaplasma urealyticum
Bacteria's that are considered as Urease positive
Gastric carcinoma
MALT lymphomas
Cancers that are associated with H. pylori
Klebsiella pneumoniae
A 59-year-old alcoholic male came to the ER due to productive cough with mucoid bloody sputum. Gram stain revealed large capsules. What is the most likely etiologic agent?
Magnesium-ammonium-phosphate
Struvite stones formed by Proteus mirabilis are mainly composed of ______________.
Proteus mirabilis
A 29-year-old female came in due to recurrent urinary tract infection. Diagnostics revealed she has nephrolithiasis. Culture was done which showed gram negative rods urease positive with swarming motility. What is the most likely etiologic agent?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Soft tissue infection on burn patients is most likely caused by?
Tissue necrosis and inactivation of elongation factor 2
Mechanism of action of exotoxin A of P. aeruginosa
Acinetobacter baumanii
Pleomorphic aerobic gram-negative bacillus that is multi-drug resistant and is commonly isolated from hospital environment and hospitalized patients
Rabbits
Most common reservoir of F. tularensis
Yersinia pestis
A 30-year-old male came in due to sudden onset of fever, chills and multiple painful lymph nodes. Gram stain showed a gram-negative rod with safety appearance
Oriental rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis)
What is the vector for the transmission of Y. pestis
Pasteurella multocida
A 28 year old male develops cellulitis after he was bitten by his neighbor's cat. What is the most likely dominant organism involved in the infection?
Bartonella henselae
Causative agent of cat scratch fever is
Eikenella corrodens
A gram-negative rod that causes skin and bone infections associated with human bites.
Treponema carateum
Causative agent for the disease called Pinta
VDRL
What test is useful for CNS syphilis?
Condyloma Lata
Which of the following can be seen in secondary syphilis?
Vasa vasorum
What part is usually affected in aortitis caused by syphilis?
RPR, VDRL
Which test can be used for monitoring of treatment of syphilis and can also be used a test of cure?
Jaundice, bleeding and uremia
Triad of Weil Syndrome
Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction
Influenza like symptoms few hours after receiving Penicillin for treatment of Leptospirosis is called _______.
Doxycycline
Treatment of choice for mild leptospirosis
Snow-flake lesions
Characteristic finding in chest Xray if there is pulmonary involvement in a patient diagnosed with leptospirosis
Borrelia burgdorferi
Largest medically important spirochete that is the causative agent of Lyme disease
Erythema chronicum migrans
Characteristic dermatologic finding in patients on stage 1 of Lyme disease
Cord factor
Most important virulence factor of Mycobacteria
Lymph node
(Scrofula)
The most common site of extrapulmonary tuberculosis
Choroidal tubercles
Pathognomonic finding of Miliary tuberculosis
Interferon Gamma Release Assays
Diagnostic tool for latent tuberculosis that is not affected by prior BCG vaccination or infection with nontuberculous mycobacteria
rpoB gene mutation
Mechanism of resistance against rifampicin
Delayed (Type 4)
Tuberculin skin test demonstrates what type of hypersensitivity reaction?
Mouse foot pad or in the armadillo
M. leprae can be cultured using
Tuberculoid Leprosy
Lepromin skin test would be positive on_____.
Thalidomide
Treatment of choice for Erythema nodosum leprosum
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Most common cause of atypical pneumonia. This is bacteria has sterol in membrane and can cause for the body to form cold agglutinins.
Halberstadter-Prowazek inclusion
Round to oval cytoplasmic inclusion bodies near the nuclei of conjunctival epithelial cells in trachoma
Chlamydia trachomatis types L1-L3
A 22 year old sexually active female presented with unilateral painful inguinal lymphadenopathy. Extensive enlargement of chains of inguinal nodes are noted above and below the inguinal ligament. What is the most likely etiologic agent?
Doxycycline 100mg BID for 7 days
Treatment for Chlamydia
Types A-C
Types of C. trachomatis associated with trachoma
Types D-K
Types of C. trachomatis that causes genital tract infections and is associated with Reiter syndrome
Types L1-L3
Types of C. trachomatis associated with Lymphogranuloma venereum
Q fever (caused by Coxiella burnetii)
A type of rickettsial disease that does not present with fever or rash, has a chronic onset and has the highest mortality
Doxycycline
Treatment of choice for Rickettsial infections
Sulfonamides
Drug that is contraindicated in patients with Rickettsial infection because they stimulate Rickettsial growth
Bacterial Vaginosis
A 40-year-old female with grayish vaginal discharge where wet mount showed stippled epithelial cells being covered by microorganism. The condition most likely described is_______.
Haemophilus ducreyi
A gram-negative rod that is associated with painful genital ulcers.
