Memory and thinking and intelligence

exam 3 pysch

What are the three stages in the three-stage model of memory?

sensory memory, short term memory, long term memory

What is sensory memory?

A brief storage of sensory information; it holds raw data from the senses for a fraction of a second.

What is iconic memory?

Visual sensory memory, lasting about 0.3 seconds

What is echoic memory?

Auditory sensory memory, lasting up to 3–4 seconds

What does the temporal integration procedure demonstrate?

It shows how the brain can integrate two rapid visual images into one, suggesting a brief duration of visual sensory memory.

What did Sperling’s partial report procedure reveal?

It showed that iconic memory has a high capacity but a very short duration (less than 1 second).

What is the role of attention in memory?

Attention is necessary to transfer information from sensory memory to short-term memory.

What is short-term memory?

Memory system that holds information for about 20 seconds and has limited capacity.

What is the capacity of short-term memory?

About 7±2 items

What task measures STM capacity?

Digit span task.

What task measures STM duration?

Brown-Peterson task.

What did the Brown-Peterson study show?

That STM decays quickly without rehearsal—significant drop in recall after 18 seconds.

What is chunking?

Grouping individual items into meaningful units to expand short-term memory capacity.

What is declarative (explicit) memory?

Memory of facts and events; consciously recalled.

What is nondeclarative (implicit) memory?

Memory not requiring conscious recall, like skills or conditioned responses.

Examples of declarative memory types?

Semantic (facts) and episodic (personal experiences).

Examples of nondeclarative memory types?

Procedural memory (e.g., riding a bike), conditioning (e.g., Pavlov’s dogs).

What is retrograde amnesia?

Loss of past memories.

:What is anterograde amnesia?

: Inability to form new memories.

Who is Clive Wearing?

A man with severe anterograde and retrograde amnesia due to brain infection; can still play music (procedural memory intact).

What is surface/physical level of processing?

Focus on appearance (e.g., "Is the word written in uppercase?").

What is phonological/acoustic processing?

Focus on sound (e.g., "Does the word rhyme with ‘cat’?").

What is semantic processing?

Focus on meaning (e.g., "Is the word a type of fruit?").

What mnemonic uses rhyming for memory aids?

Peg-word method (e.g., “One is a bun…”).

What is the acoustic/key-word mnemonic?

Using a similar-sounding word to link new info to known concepts.

What is spacing in memory?

Spreading study sessions out over time improves recall.

What is overlearning?

Continued rehearsal even after material is learned; strengthens retention.

What is the self-reference effect?

Information related to the self is more easily remembered.

What is elaborative rehearsal?

Connecting new info to existing knowledge for deeper encoding.

What is dual encoding?

Using both verbal and visual information improves memory.

What are the components of a problem?

Initial state, goal state, allowable operations, and problem space

What is a well-defined problem?

A problem with clear initial and goal states and defined rules

What is a poorly defined problem?

Problem with unclear goals or steps to reach the solution.

What is fixation?

Inability to see a problem from a new perspective.

What is functional fixedness?

Seeing objects only in their typical functions.

What is mental set?

Tendency to approach problems using a strategy that worked before.

What is insight?

A sudden realization of a problem's solution

What did Luchins’ water jug study show?

Mental set can prevent people from seeing simpler solutions.

What is the candle problem, and what does it show?

It shows functional fixedness; people fail to use the box as a stand.

What was Binet & Simon’s intelligence test for?

To identify children needing academic support; introduced mental age.

What is the formula for IQ in Terman’s version?

IQ = (Mental Age / Chronological Age) × 100

What is the WAIS?

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale; measures adult intelligence across verbal and performance tasks.

Examples of WAIS verbal subtests?

Vocabulary, comprehension, arithmetic

Examples of WAIS performance subtests?

Block design, picture arrangement.

What is Spearman’s theory of intelligence?

g-factor (general intelligence) underlies all cognitive abilities.

What did Cattell & Horn propose?

Two types of intelligence: fluid (problem solving) and crystallized (knowledge).

What is Gardner’s theory of intelligence?

Multiple intelligences (e.g., linguistic, musical, bodily-kinesthetic).

What is Sternberg’s triarchic theory?

Analytical, creative, and practical intelligence.

What is the nature view of intelligence?

Intelligence is inherited; supported by twin studies.

What is the nurture view of intelligence?

Intelligence is shaped by environment; supported by socioeconomic effects.

What is heritability

The proportion of variance in intelligence due to genetic differences.