2.4

xiao emo, dan heng better

human papillomavirus

a sexually transmitted viral infection and the transmission primarily involves skin-to-skin contact

human papillomavirus

this virus can enter into the general circulation via abrasions or small tears in the skin

teosinte

this plant was relatively smaller and fewer kernels was domesticated and repeatedly selectively bred to produce the modern corn with larger kernels that are greater in number

genetic engineering

directly manipulate the genes of organisms in the laboratory so that the organism will manifest a wide array of traits

genetically modified organisms

the resulting organisms from genetic engineering are called?

recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology

the gene manipulation in genetic engineering is accomplished through?

1972

what year did genetic engineering took place?

stanley cohen - stanford university and herbert boyer - university of california school of medicine

who produced the first transgenic organism? and what school did they come from?

transgenic

this organism has foreign genes incorporated in its genome

plasmid

are circular DNA molecules in the cytoplasm of bacterial cells that can self-replicate

recombinant DNA

this is the combination of DNA from different sources

escherichia coli

what is the first transgenic organism?

chimera

the recombinant DNA was initially called as?

chimera

this mythological creature has head of a lion, body of a goat, and tail of a snake

mouse

what was the first transgenic animal?

rudolf jaenisch in 1974

who made the first transgenic animal? what year?

1976

in this year, somatostatin became the first human protein that can be produced in genetically engineered e. coli

somatostatin

this is the first human protein that can be produced in genetically engineered e. coli

1983

in what year did tobacco became the first genetically engineered crop, making it resistant to herbicide?

tobacco

this was the first genetically engineered crop, making it resistant to herbicide

Michael Bevan , Richard Flavell , and Mary-Dell Chilton

tobacco, becoming the first genetically engineered crop was performed by?

DNA

this is the blueprint of life

DNA

contains instructions that determine the characteristics of an organism

genes

these are the specific instructions in cells are present in the form of DNA fragments

genes

most valuable resource in genetic engineering

proteins

genes can influence the traits of an organism by being expressed as

phenotypic determiners

after genes are expressed as proteins, proteins in turn, serve as?

Bt corn

a GM crop that received its foreign genes from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis

Bacillus thuringiensis

Bt corn received foreign genes from what bacteria?

Ostrinia

Larva corn pest, belongs to what genus?

Bt toxin

initially, this was used as a component in pesticides, which are sprayed in surfaces of plants

cry1Ab

bacillus thuringiensis has the ability to kill insects because of its _____ gene

cry

cry1Ab gene in bacillus thuringiensis produces _____ proteins, an alternative name for Bt toxin

1901

bacillus thuringiensis was discovered during what year?

Shigetane Ishiwatari

who the japanese biologist that discovered the bacillus thuringiensis?

Bacillus sotto

bacillus thuringiensis was initially named as?

Ernst Berliner in Thuringia, Germany

Who isolated the bacillus thuringiensis? Where did he isolate it?

restriction endonucleases

a type of restriction enzyme that internally cut DNA segments only at specific regions (recognition sequences)

werner arber

study on the use of restriction enzymes in bacterial cells was pioneered by

Hamilton Smith and Daniel Nathans

the actual discovery of restriction endonucleases was made by

Werner Arber , Hamilton Smith, and Daniel Nathans

they received Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine

restriction endonucleases, gene of interest, 37, Gel electrophoresis, 3500, probe, DNA or RNA

The process of isolation involves a chemical reaction that uses the _____ followed by the identification of the _____ . After isolating and purifying DNA from the source organism, the DNA is mixed in a solution with a small amount of restriction endonuclease and heated to _____ degrees Celsius . All DNA molecules are already cut at specific sites after a few hours; thus, many DNA segments are expected to be present in the solution. _____ will then be performed to separate the DNA molecules according to their length. In the case of the cry1Ab gene, it is approximately _____ base pairs long . Lastly, a _____ is used to locate the gene of interest. A probe is either a _____ sequence that is complementary to the gene of interest. Usually, a radioactive chemical tag is added to the probe to easily locate the DNA segment of interest.

microprojectile bombardment

In this method, gold or tungsten particles (coated with DNA) are shot into the cell at high velocity.

electroporation

performed by subjecting the host cell into short electrical bursts to allow the entry of DNA into the cells

Agrobacterium tumefaciens

the case of Bt corn and most dicots, this is facilitated by the soil bacterial species such as

crown gall

agrobacterium tumefaciens infects plants and causes the _____ disease

Ti plasmid

this is the plasmid that is introduced into the plant

T-DNA

a specific area of the Ti plasmid where the desire trait is inserted

DNA ligase

this acts as a glue to combine the desired trait into the area of the T-DNA

zygote

the integration of the foreign genes does not happen during the ____ stage, when it is still single-celled

genetic mosaic

an individual with somatic cells that are not genetically identical

insulin, clotting factor 8, and human growth hormone

the advent of rDNA allowed E.coli to produce?

insulin

was the first product of rDNA technology to be made available commercially

pigs and cattle

human growth hormone that are extracted from what animals does not work on humans (ha?)

plasmid from the e. coli

in genetically modifying e. coli, what is the vector that will be used in the process?