Quarter 2 - POLGOV

final na n depotah

EXECUTIVE POWER

roughly defined as the power to implement laws in one's given and defined jurisdiction and make sure that these laws are properly implemented throughout the country

THE PRESIDENT

chief executive officer– most powerful elected official in our country– despite the mechanism of checks and balances, they can influence other branches of the government– both the head of state and government

SECTION 1 OF THE 1987 CONSTITUTION

“executive power is vested in the President of the Philippines.”

HEAD OF STATE

recognized as the representative of the country in international functions and is afforded respect and recognition as a leader of the state

HEAD OF GOVERNMENT

the president takes on the main responsibilities of governance and has several functions, such as overseeing the local government units and acting as the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines

LAW

sets of rules or pieces of legislation that are formulated by the government and are meant to be followed by the citizens of a state– also referred to as statutory law or legislation (made by a legislative body like congress or parliament)

LEGISLATION

act of making laws

RULE OF LAW

principle centered on the belief that a state should be governed by laws and not by the arbitrary decisions of leaders or government officials

CONGRESS

primarily responsible for the crafting of laws

CONSTITUTION

supreme law of the land and it is the basis and foundation of all laws in the country

INITIATIVE

allows citizens to directly propose laws and even amendments to the constitution

REFERENDUM

means by which the people are able to vote to either approve or reject a legislation

ORGANIC LAW

law that describes and organizes the government that will run the state– 1987 Constitution of the Fifth Philippine Republic

REPUBLIC LAWS

laws that create policies to carry out the principles stated in the constitution– are crafted, passed by Congress, and approved by the President

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW

legislation specifically concerned with the activities or actions of government agencies and departments

PROCLAMATIONS

issuances that primarily set dates of national or local interest, such as holidays and commemorations– cover declarations of states of emergency as well as martial law– all these executive pronouncements must be based on legislation and are subject to judicial review

CIVIL SERVICE LAW

pertains to public service, particularly the employment, selection, and promotion of public workers

CRIMINAL LAW

addresses crimes and outlines criminal behaviors and their appropriate sanctions

LABOR LAW

addresses the relationship between employers and workers and outlines their rights, responsibilities, and privileges

COMMERCIAL LAW

focuses on trade concerns, particularly the production, distribution, exchange, and pricing of goods and services

TAXATION LAW

identifies, determines, and regulates the type of taxes to be levied from a particular business transaction, trade, or activity

ORDINANCES

at the local level, the power of legislation is wielded by the barangay, city, municipal, and provincial councils– they create laws that are applicable within their respective jurisdictions

VALIDITY AND CONTINUITY

2 characteristics of the Philippine law

VALIDITY

legal soundness and enforceability of a law within a particular legal system– law is considered valid if it meets the established criteria and procedures set by the legal framework

CONTINUITY

once something legal is properly in place, it keeps going, even if circumstances change, and a law remains its continuity until it is either amended, repealed, or replaced by a new law

THE PHILIPPINE CONGRESS

legislative branch of the government that has the power to create laws– bicameral body composed of two houses: the Upper House (Senate) and the Lower House (House of Representatives)

JOINT RESOLUTIONS

require the approval of both chambers of Congress and the signature of the President and have the force and effect of a law if approved

CONCURRENT RESOLUTIONS

used for matters affecting the operations of both chambers of Congress– must be approved in the same form by both houses but are not transmitted to the President for his signature and therefore do not have the force or effect of a law

SIMPLE RESOLUTIONS

deal with matters entirely within the prerogative of one chamber of Congress, are not referred to the President for his signature, and therefore have no force and effect of a law

BILL

commonly known as a proposed law– can be proposed by citizens through their elected representatives of the senate

ELECTIONS

device for filing a governmental office through choices made by the electorate, a designated body of qualified people

SUFFRAGE

right to participate in an election and an important right of citizens– not only refers to the right to vote, but also the right to run for office

ELECTORAL SYSTEM

set of rules that governs the conduct of elections– variations of modalities by which votes are translated into seats in various government offices

PLURALITY SYSTEM, PROPORTIONAL SYSTEM, RUN-OFF SYSTEM, PRIMARY SYSTEM

types of electoral systems in the world

PLURALITY SYSTEM

an electoral system where the candidate who gets the greatest number of votes is elected into office

PROPORTIONAL SYSTEM

an electoral system where a candidate must gain a required number of votes (quota) in order to be elected to office– applied in the election of party list representatives in the Philippine congress

RUN-OFF SYSTEM

elections are held in stages to determine the eventual winners– some countries implement a two-round run-off elections, where a preliminary election is held where all candidates participate, and a second round of voting follows where only the top two candidates participate

PRIMARY SYSTEM

also conducts elections in stages– a preliminary election is conducted within political parties to determine their candidates who will run in the general election

THE OMNIBUS ELECTION CODE

batas pambansa bilang 881– electoral process is most extensively discussed in this code– contains all the rules governing the conduct of elections in the philippines, including the qualifications for aspiring candidates, and important dates to the election process

COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS (COMELEC)

premier guardian of the ballot– principal role is to enforce and administer all laws and regulations relative to the conduct of elections, plebiscites, initiatives, referenda and recalls– main government agency that oversees elections in the country and decides on all matters pertaining to the electoral process– goal is to ensure a free, fair, and honest election in the country

ELECTION WATCHDOGS

organizations that keep close watch on the entire election process and perform other election-related tasks

THE PHILIPPINE ELECTORAL PROCESS

elections are held both at the national and local levels– voters elect the President and Vice President, senators, district and party-list representatives, governors, and mayors, local council members, and barangay officials

SPECIAL AND SNAP ELECTIONS

in the event of widespread election-related violence, significant damage to election paraphernalia, or natural calamities, the COMELEC may postpone the elections in certain areas or declare a failure of elections– snap elections are held earlier than prescribed by law

ABSENTEE VOTING

those who are unable to vote in their respective localities on the day of election can apply– they vote one week earlier than the rest of the voting public– include people who need to perform vital tasks on election day, such as public officials and employees, military, police officers, and journalists and other media workers as well as ofws

PHILIPPINE POLITICAL PARTIES

a political party is a group of people organized to participate in elections and hold power in government, and its members advocate a specific set of policies, programs, and ideologies– political parties are oriented toward upholding the general welfare, as well as the interest of their supporters– in the Philippines, political parties mainly serve as mechanisms to help the candidates win the elections and primarily function as political machineries

ONE-PARTY SYSTEM, TWO-PARTY SYSTEM, DOMINANT PARTY SYSTEM, MULTIPARTY SYSTEM

types of political party system

ONE-PARTY SYSTEM

one party dominates and there is no political competition between parties– characterized by oppression of democratic freedom

TWO-PARTY SYSTEM

two parties primarily dominate, and smaller parties only play a subordinate role

DOMINANT PARTY SYSTEM

other parties are present but only one party dominates and enjoys prolonged periods in power

MULTIPARTY SYSTEM

more than two parties compete for power over time– reduces the chance of a one-party system and increases chances of coalition formation

CIVIL SOCIETY

united nations refers as the “third sector” of the society, along with the government and business– considered a social sphere independent from both the state and the market– comprises civil society organizations (CSO) and nongovernmental organizations (NGO)

FUNDAMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SUCCESSFUL CIVIL SOCIETIES (GHAUS-PASHA, 2004)

separated from the state and the market– formed by people who have common needs, interests, and values– developed through a fundamentally endogenous and autonomous process that is not easily controlled from the outside

ROLES OF CIVIL SOCIETY IN GOOD GOVERNANCE

key agent in policy analysis and advocacy– regulates and monitors state performance and behavior of policy officials– builds social capital and enables citizens to identify and articulate their beliefs, values, and ideas– mobilizes particular constituencies, especially the marginalized sectors of the masses, to participate in public and political affairs– participates in development work to improve the well-being of its own and of other communities

CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS (CSO)

non-state, nonprofit, voluntary organizations in this social sphere– CSOs include a wide array of organizations, networks, associations, groups, and movements that often come together to push for the advancement of their common interest by means of collective action (WHO, 2015)

NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS (NGO)

are nonprofit and voluntary citizens groups, which are organized on a local, national, or international level– they perform service and humanitarian roles, bring citizen concerns to governments, advocate and monitor policies, and encourage participation through information dissemination (NGO Global Network, 2016)

RELIGIOUS

linked to a religion, but not always about worship. They help with education, health, relief, and basic needs (e.g., Red Cross)

COMMUNITY-BASED

local groups focused on helping communities through housing, social services, legal aid, and culture (e.g., Grameen Bank)

PHILANTHROPIC

non-religious groups that support causes based on generosity and humanism– often funded by foundations (e.g., Gates Foundation)

EXPERT

Groups that use scientific knowledge or research in areas like environment or finance. They publish reports (e.g., Greenpeace)

TRADE UNIONS

Worker groups that protect labor rights and promote fair conditions– example: Trade Union Congress of the Philippines (TUCP)

BUSINESS

These are business and industry NGOs (BINGOs) that defend a firm’s or industry’s interests. Often linked with lobby groups to promote laws and programs favorable to corporations. Examples include groups in the sugar and tobacco industries

GOVERNMENT-ORIENTED

These are government-oriented NGOs (GONGOs) – they are civil organizations but are influenced or controlled by the government– common in industrialized Asian countries like China

PEOPLE’S ORGANIZATIONS, DEVELOPMENT NGOS, COOPERATIVES

important types of CSOs in the country

SOCIAL MOVEMENT

collective body that has a high level of commitment and political activism and is not necessarily based on formal organization– differs from civil society groups– attempts to change society through collective action– noninstitutionalized, (occur outside of governmental institutions)

SOCIAL MOVEMENT ORGANIZATION

formal/organized component of a broader social movement– social movements large-scale efforts (often loosely organized) by many individuals or informal groups who are pushing for social or political change– SMOs are the institutions within those movements that have structure, leadership, and more stable resources, often coordinate activities, mobilize people, lead campaigns, raise awareness, provide organizational backbone to otherwise more diffuse social energy

CABINET

crucial part of the executive branch, consisting of executive departments that address governance and national issues– appointed by the President, subject to Congress approval– vp may also head an executive department– provides counsel and coordinates with the President in implementing government projects and performing executive obligations– secretaries can issue directives to achieve their goals

INTERPRET AND APPLY LAWS

constitution defines judicial power as the power to

JUDICIAL BRANCH

supreme arbiter or judge and mediator of controversies and disputes on law and rights of citizens

ORIGINAL JURISDICTION

courts can hear a case for the first time– applicable to all courts

APPELLATE JURISDICTION

courts can review and evaluate the decisions made by the lower courts– applicable only to higher courts

THE SUPREME COURT

the judicial branch of the Philippine government is embodied by the highest court in the land, and it supervises all the other courts in the country– responsible for cases involving the constitutionality of laws, treaties, executive agreements, presidential decrees, proclamations, orders, and other executive pronouncements– appellate jurisdiction for taxation, criminal cases with a life imprisonment penalty, law-related questions, and cases where the lower court's jurisdiction is an issue

REAL AUDIENCIA DE MANILA

the predecessor of supreme court

CHIEF JUSTICE

presides over hearings, certifies decisions, and serves as chairman of the Judicial and Bar Council– if absent, the Senior Associate Justice acts– the Supreme Court can make decisions en banc, or as a whole with fifteen members hearing the case, or in divisions of three, five, or seven justices

COURT OF APPEALS

second-highest court in the country, primarily handles appellate cases from regional trial courts, administrative cases, and quasi-judicial government agencies

SHARIA

divine guidance system in Islam, derived primarily from the Qur’an (the holy book) and the Hadith (sayings and practices of the Prophet Muhammad) – muslims believe Sharia reflects God’s ideal moral and legal framework

DUE PROCESS

legal principle that the government must treat you fairly and follow established laws and rules when it tries to take away your life, liberty, or property– ensures that legal proceedings are fair, allowing individuals to have an opportunity to be heard and defend themselves

PRECEDENT

principle established by an original or previous legal case, defining subsequent rulings

JURISPRUDENCE

studies the nature of laws

DECENTRALIZATION

process that involves the transfer of planning, decision-making, or administrative authority from the central government to its field organizations, local government, or ngos– shifting control from a single central authority to various smaller units

DEMOCRATIZATION

process of making a system or institution more democratic– giving people greater participation, influence, and control– refers to how a country shifts from non-democratic rule (like authoritarian regimes) to democratic governance, where people have rights, free elections, and a say in decision-making

DECENTRALIZATION AND DEMOCRATIZATION

reinforces each other– decentralization enhances local participation and therefore strengthens democracy in general– decentralization can only take place within democratic processes, and it necessitates the local government systems to have good management and democratic accountability– under the 1987 Constitution, the structure and role of the Philippine government is guided by the principle of decentralization

DECONCENTRATION

redistribution of power within central government, shifting workload to field staff outside national capital

DELEGATION TO SEMI-AUTONOMOUS OR PARASTATAL ORGANIZATIONS

delegation of decision-making and management authority to bodies not under central government's direct control

DEVOLUTION

central government relinquishes certain functions to local government units, aiming to strengthen or create independent government levels

TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS FROM GOVERNMENT TO NONGOVERNMENTAL INSTITUTIONS

transfer of planning and administrative powers to voluntary, private, or nongovernmental institutions

BARANGAY

basic unit of local government in the Philippines– where governance directly relates to the concerns of citizens and communities, and where the government programs and policies are applied and directly impact the lives of citizens

MUNICIPALITY/MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT

form of local government composed of different barangays, and is tasked with managing the administration, services, and development of a specific territory, such as a city, town, or village– represents the level of governance closest to the people and plays a crucial role in delivering everyday public services and ensuring local well-being

CITY GOVERNMENT

similar to a municipality, as it is made up of a group of barangays– distinguished by a higher rate of economic growth and a larger population and territory

COMPONENT CITIES

part of a province and elect provincial officials. Examples include Legazpi City and Isabela City

INDEPENDENT COMPONENT CITIES

are highly developed and administratively independent from the province. Examples include Naga City and Ormoc City

HIGHLY URBANIZED CITIES

similar to an independent city but has a bigger population (at least 200,000) and income (P50,000,000 for a year)

PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT

province, composed of cluster of municipalities, or municipalities and component cities, and as a political and corporate unit of government, serves as a dynamic mechanism for developmental processes and effective governance of local government units within its territorial jurisdiction

REGIONALIZATION

geographic areas are divided into smaller, distinct regions, often based on shared economic, cultural, or political characteristics– promotes growth and development by addressing regional concerns

REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT COUNCILS

oversee economic planning and program implementation, in coordination with local development councils and the National Economic Development Agency

JUS SANGUINIS

right of blood, parents

JUS SOLI

right of birth, place