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War of 1812
War which West and South wanted, but Northeast did not; between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France, was continuing practice of impressment, and was supporting Native American resistance to American settlement in the west
James Fenimore Cooper
Wrote The Leatherstocking Tales which included The Last of the Mohicans
The American System
an economic plan for the country: (B.T.T.)
Strong banking system.
Set up a protective tariff to boost American industry.
Build a strong transportation network of roads and canals.
Panic of 1819
cause of this was over-speculation (buying too much on credit) in land; the West was hit the hardest
Steamboat
This invention made two-way river travel possible (boats could go upstream)
Tallmadge Amendment
limit slavery in Missouri: • no more slaves be allowed into Missouri • that slaves born to Missouri slave parents would gradually emancipated
Missouri Compromise
• Missouri would be admitted as a slave state; Maine would be admitted as a free state • All new states north of the 36°30' line would be free, new states southward would be slave
McCulloch vs. Maryland (1819)
The "Elastic Clause Case" Said that the Constitution had been written in more general terms rather than specific, and therefore could be interpreted.
Cohens vs. Virginia (1821)
The "Lottery Case" Supreme Court showed it had the power to review state court decisions
Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824)
The "Steamboat Case" The Constitution says that only Congress can regulate interstate trade
Fletcher vs. Peck (1810)
The "Land Scam Contract Case" The Supreme Court said a contract is a contract and the Constitution says it can't be broken by state laws.
Dartmouth College vs. Woodward (1819)
The "College Charter Case" The Supreme Court said the charter was a contract and, like Fletcher, states could not encroach on contracts
Florida Purchase Treaty
made with Spain • America paid $5 million and got Florida • Spain gave up a claim to Oregon and America gave up a claim to Texas • the southern limit of Oregon was set at 42° latitude.
Monroe Doctrine
• European non-colonization of the Americas and non-intervention • It was a "KEEP OUT" sign.
nativists
those born in America and were opposed to immigrants
potato famine
Failed potato crop led to famine and resulted in 2 million Irish dying from 1846-1852. Major cause of Irish immigration to US in mid-1800s
temperance movement
movement to ban alcohol, inspired by religious morality and reaction to immigrant cities
Industrial Revolution
time when machines and factories began to replace handmade products
Samuel Slater
textile worker in England who memorized the plans of the factory so he could build one in America
Eli Whitney
invented the cotton gin which separated the fiber from the seed (1793) as well as interchangeable parts
Tariff of 1816
first "protective tariff" (one to boost cost of foreign goods and therefore make American goods look cheaper)
interchangeable part
machine-made components of anything could simply be swapped out if one broke
Samuel Morse
invented the telegraph and Morse Code
Lowell, Massachusetts
well-known as employing young women to work in its textile factories
Cumberland Road (National Road)
went from Maryland all the way to Illinois, showed federal government investment in transportation
Robert Fulton
credited with building the first steamboat, the Clermont (1807)
Erie Canal
The granddaddy of all canals, connected New York to the Great Lakes in the Northwest, allowed trade and travel
transportation (revolution)
revolution where people wanted to link the West with the rest of the nation
division of labor
The North: manufacturing The South: cotton for export The West: grain and livestock
Deism
sprang out of the Enlightenment (AKA "Age of Reason") and was based on scientific or logical reasoning rather than faith. Belief that God created the world but then took a step back from daily affairs.
Unitarian
religion drew followers even farther away from Christianity • Believed God existed in 1 person ("uni"), but not in the Holy Trinity. • Rejected the divinity of Christ. • Believed people were essentially good at heart, not born under "original sin." • Believed people were saved through "good works", not through faith in Christ. • Attracted intellectual types, notably Ralph Waldo Emerson
Joseph Smith
claimed to have found golden tablets in NY with the Book of Mormon inscribed on them
Brigham Young
took over and led the Mormons along the "Mormon Trail" to Utah after Joseph Smith was killed
Horace Mann
• known as the "Father of Public Education" • pushed for free compulsory education and education
Noah Webster
Blueback Speller and dictionary
Dorothea Dix
sought and got improved treatment for the mentally insane
American Temperance Society
• founded in Boston, 1826 • used a variety of methods to encourage temperance (discourage drinking)
Grimke sisters
Sisters who pushed for the abolition of slavery
Seneca Falls Women's Rights Convention (1848)
• It wrote a "Declaration of Sentiments" arguing that "all men and women were created equal" • It demanded female suffrage • Neither of these things happened anytime soon, but the women's rights movement was born
Brook Farm
• Started in Massachusetts (1841) • It attracted Transcendentalist intellectuals
Oneida Community
was communal utopian community that embraced free love, birth control, and selecting parents to have planned children
Shakers
• were begun by Mother Ann Lee as a religious sect • stressed simplicity in their lives and separated the sexes
Thomas Jefferson
3rd President of the United States, Virginian, Democratic Republican who believed in an agrarian vision of America with a weak central government. Responsible for the Louisiana Purchase.
Corrupt Bargain
• Election of 1824 • Henry Clay supported Adams and swayed house vote • Adams won and appoined Clay as Secretary of State • Appeared as if Adams bribed Clay with position of Sec. of State
universal white male suffrage
All white men could vote. No more property restrictions.
John Quincy Adams
• President (1824-1828) • Puritanical Yankee • Pushed nationalist programs to build: (a) roads and canals (b) a national university (c) a national observatory
Spoils System
The way Andrew Jackson rewarded political party workers with government jobs
Tariff of Abominations
Tariff passed by Congress in 1828 that favored manufacturing in the North and was hated by the South
Denmark Vesey
free black who led a slave rebellion in Charleston, SC in 1822
South Carolina Exposition
took the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions to the next level; said that the states could nullify the tariff
Tariff of 1832
removed the worst parts of the Tariff of 1828 (AKA Tariff of Abominations)
Force Bill
authorizing the president to use force if necessary to collect the tariff in response to South Carolina trying to nullify it
The Trail of Tears
The forced movement of Cherokee Indians in 1838 to the land west of Mississippi River forced by the U.S. Army; it lasted 116 days and was 1,000 miles long, many Indians died along the way
Five Civilized Tribes
Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Seminole
Indian Territory
Oklahoma
Nicholas Biddle
President of Bank of United States who carried out bank policies of (a) coining hard money and (b) cracking down on western "wildcat banks" by calling in loans
pet banks
Small local banks that sprang up after Jackson killed the national bank of the United States
Whig Party
Political Party: • Disliked Andrew Jackson • Liked Henry Clay's American System
Panic of 1837
Second economic downturn of the 1800s Caused by: • Over-speculation, especially in land • Jackson's bank policies and resultant chaos • Jackson's "specie circular" • Failure of crops • Failure of two major banks in England
2nd Bank of the United States
It was a federal establishment operated by the governmentas an attempt to save the welfare of the economy after the War of 1812
Democratic-Republican Party
Political party founded in the early 1790s by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison
Federalist Party
American political party in the period 1792 to 1816; formed by Alexander Hamilton
Stump Speaking
when political candidates campaigning from town to town would stand upon a sawed off tree stump to deliver a speech
Cotton Gin
a machine that quickly and easily separates the cotton fibers from the seeds; invented by Eli Whitney
Utopianism
the political orientation of a person who believes in impossibly idealistic schemes of social perfection
Romanticism
a movement in literature and art that celebrated nature and emotion rather than civilization
The Second Great Awakening
Wave of religious revivals around 1800 that encouraged a culture of evangelicalism responsible for an upswing in prison reform, the temperance cause, the feminist movement, and abolition.
The Amistad Incident
53 Africans were kidnapped from West Africa and sold into the transatlantic slave trade; they were then purchased illegally by Spanish planters Jose Ruiz and Pedro Montez
Susan B. Anthony
prominent American civil rights leader who played a pivotal role in the 19th century women's rights movement to introduce women's suffrage into the United States
Henry David Thoreau
• spent two years living in the woods off of nothing but what he could make, grow, or trade for • wrote the classic Walden: Or Life in the Woods
Ralph Waldo Emerson
• most famous Transcendentalist • former Unitarian pastor turned writer and lyceum speaker • most famous writing/speech was Self Reliance which stressed individualism • Transcendentalist with the credentials, success, and the "big name"
Walt Whitman
• poet who wrote Leaves of Grass • encouraged people to live their lives to the fullest
Election of 1828
Jackson defeats John Quincy Adams in this election, becoming the 7th President
Election of 1832
• Jackson vs Clay • Jackson wins • First time a third party was in an election, the Anti-Masonic party
nationalism
A strong devotion to the nation as the central political entity, often in a narrow or aggressive fashion
internal improvements
The basic public works, such as roads and canals, that create the structure for economic development
market revolution
Starting in the early 19th century, produced vast economic growth, mass produced goods.
Era of Good Feelings
Term to describe James Monroe's period as president (1817-1825). The Democratic-Republicans party dominated politics.
Jacksonian Democracy
The time period 1829 to 1837, also known as the Age of the Common Man.
Indian Removal Act
President Andrew Jackson supported this. By 1835 most of the eastern tribes had reluctantly moved to an area in today's Oklahoma.
Romanticism in art and literature
Evoked the wonder of the nation's landscape. The Hudson River School of painters were the most prominent.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
A women's rights reformer who was not allowed to speak at an antislavery convention.
War Hawks
Led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun; argued that war with Britain was the only way to defend American honor, gain Canada, and destroy American Indian resistance on the frontier.
Lucretia Mott
Early feminist who advocated for women's rights and against slavery.
Republican Motherhood/Cult of Domesticity
After industrialization occurred women became the moral leaders in the home and educators of children. Men were responsible for economic and political affairs.
Democratic-Republicans
Favored the common man, weak central government, hated the National Bank, was pro-immigration, wanted slow and cautious westward expansion.
Federalists
Favored the wealthy and educated, strong central government, supported the National Bank, limited immigration, slow/against westward expansion.
National Republicans
Favored the wealthy and educated, strong central government, supported the National Bank, favored internal improvements.
Impressment
Practice of the British navy of stealing Americans and forcing them into service in the British Navy.
Frances Scott Key
Wrote the Star Spangled banner at the Battle of Fort McHenry.
King Andrew
Nickname given to President Andrew Jackson when his opponents did not like his use of the veto power.
Nat Turner Rebellion
In 1831, this Virginia slave led a revolt in which 55 whites were killed. In retaliation, whites killed hundreds of African American and put down the revolt.
American System
Henry Clay proposed this to advance the nation's economy. It consisted of:
Protective Tariffs:
National Bank
Internal Improvements
The Lowell Mill Factory
The system that recruited young farm women to work in the textile mills. They were housed in company dormitories near the mills.
Transcendentalists
They questioned the doctrines of established churches and business practices of the merchant class. Mystical and intuitive way of thinking to discover inner self and look for essence of God in nature.
Hartford Convention (1814)
A meeting was held due to opposition to the the War of 1812; some radical Federalist in the Northeast want to secede from the United States, but that it was rejected.
Panic 1837
Was a result of Jackson's defeat of the National Bank.
Martin Van Buren
Became President after Andrew Jackson, won the election because of Jackson's popularity. Was faced with economic troubles.
Tippecanoe and Tyler Too!
William Henry Harrison's campaign slogan.
Tecumseh
He said, "They have pushed us from the seas to the lakes, we can go no further." Advocated fighting Americans to stop westward progression and renew British alliances.
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