Knowt
Heimler's Unit 1-3 Livestream Notes
Unit 1: 1491-1607 Big Ideas
Native American Populations in the Americas were diverse peoples with differing ways of life shaped by the environment in which they lived
coastal regions developed pernment settlements, sedinatory
great basin: nomadic(Hunters and gathers)
Missippi River Valley: farmers, river created rich soil and trades up and down the mississippi River Valley
northeast(new england): long houses(timer bc lots of trees) Iroquois
Europeans came to the Americas for various reason
Growing upper-class wanted asain stuff, but the Muslims blocked the trade routes, looking for sea based routes
Portgual trading empire, trading posts around Africa
spain: wanted to spread Christianity elsewhere, sent Christopher Columbus
the Columbian exchange resulted in massive changes in Europe and the Americas
the trading of people, animals, farm crops, diseases from the east to the west and vice versa
smallpox(devasted the native population massively)(helped the Spanish conquor many lands)
maise(helped healthy diets in Europeans)(longer lifespan and better nutrition)
horse(for the native Americans who used to gain advantage in warfare, farming, hunting
minerals(Gold and silver)(mostly silver)
faciliited the change from a feudalistic to capitalism
changed how the coloniser were done(joint stock companies
The arrival of the Spanish fundamentally changed the social and economic makeup of the Americas
the encomienda system
forced labor of the native Americans to work on their plantations
frequent escapes
NA dying massively due to small pox
didn’t work
which lead to increase demand for African slavery
would replace the NA
Casta system: a hieracy on the society of the Americas, based on race and ansestary
As a result of their interaction with each other, europeans and native Americans understanding of each other changed over time
Land use
europeans believed that it is a commodity: to be used and sold as will
NA believed that there is a symbiotic relation between the land: a spiritual relationship
religion
EU are mostly Christians
NA are more pantiatic, differed from region to region
they adopted stuff from the other
Sepolvata
less than human and benefited from the harsh labor conditions from the EU
de las casas
priest, argued that they are human
Unit 2: 1607-1754 Big Ideas
The Spanish, Dutch, French, and English projects of colonization were motivated by different goals
Common: Gold, God, and Glory
Spanish: extraction of gold, wealth, cash crops, spread of Christianity
subjecgation of NA, reordering of society
French& Dutch: Trading rather than conquest, not much permenatn settlements, not interested in converting
French: Fur trade
English: social mobility, religious freedom, prosperity
due to inflation and columbian exchange
enclosure movement, scarece of land
sepertis, religious persecution
The British colonies in NA differed from each other in their goals, population makeup, and society(not all the same)
Chesapeake: James town is the first settlement, extraction of wealth]
Young male indentured servants looking for work
later replaced by slavery(Bacon’s rebellion)
tabacoo
New England: 1620 by puritan family groups, sepertist movement, to establish religious community
largely self governing and surprisingly democratic for that time
Mayflower compact: organised the gov as self governing
because of the distance between British a
house of burgesses
taxes and pass laws
British west indies:
warm, that
cash crop economies(sugar, tabacoo, rice, indigoo)
export those
increased demand for slavery
middle colonies: Trade
organised around export economies
lots of rivers
more diversity
what kept colonization viable was the great wealth being generated by the transatlantic trade
trade became global
New England where merchants give rum to west africa for enslaved people
Take the enslaved people through the middle passage for sugar canes
sugar canes to new england where they make the rum
mercantlism: relied heavily on establishing colonies in order to provide the home country with raw materials and markets for their goods
Navigation acts: Tried to tie all of the colonies together and with the GB
trade only on english ships with english colonies
taxed by the British
As European colonies became more established, European powers maintained differing policies in their interactions with NA peoples, which often led to conflict
metacomes war(king Phillips war): see the encroachment on their land, threatening their way of life, attacked the British settlements. Defeating Metacom
all is not well between the NA and the settlers
pueblos revolt: Pueblos resistance against the christening and land grabbing with missionaries
accommodate certain aspects of the pueblos.
All British colonies depended more or less on enslaved African laborers, but some enslaved people actively rebelled against the system
the number of enslaved people grows as you move down south
justifies as they are “chattle”(property)
they people are not human, so it was justifiable
there were a lot of rebliion
cover(maintained their belief and customs, broke tools) and overt(stono rebellion: small group of slaves killed and burned(resistance increased black codes))
colonial society both resembled English society and developed its own character
enlightenment: through transatlantic print culture
natural rights, social contract, questioning of religion
the rise of the New Light Clergy: those who taught faith against the enlightenment
1st great awakening as the result of Jonathan and George Whitfield
1st truly national movement
formed national identity
British colonial policies led to an increasing mistrust in the American Colonies
impressment: the practice seizing ameircan men and making them work for the British navy
colonists are becoming aware of their natural rights and are growing tired of the British injust treatment
Unit 3: 1754-1800
the french and indian war led to increased land for the American colonies and a greater burden of taxation
french and indian war: smaller part of the 7 years war
a conflict between the french and the British
British victory and french is kicked out
British doubled the land holding
Americans started moving west, which created conflicts with the NA
the proclamation of 1763: cant go further than the ohio river valley
agry about this from the colonists
British raised taxes for the colonists
biritsh colonial policies, specific taxation without colonial representation in Parliament, led to the Revolutionary war
salutary neglect: so far apart, so the crown and the parliament were kinda hands off
now is demanding more taxes after the war
new law and further taxation
stricter reinforcement of:
navigation acts
quartering acts: British troops in the colonies to make sure that they listened
stamp act: tax on the paper products
parliament is taxing the colonists without representation
“virtual representation”: within parliament, all classes are represented, no not all areas
stamp act congress: repeal the congress as loyal British citizens(just wanted their right)
keeps on intrudcing new stuff
boycott from the colonists
Boston massacre
British fired into a crowd of 11 colonists died
showed that it is increasing british tyranny
boston tea party
dumped tea into the Boston harbor
cohesive act: no more harbor for you until you pay them all back
colonists economy is very effected
growing support of the patriot movement
Enlightenment ideals exhibited a major influence on the American Independence movement, especially exhibited in Thomas Paine’s Common Sense and the Declaration of Independence.
important:
natural rights, separation of power in the gov, social construct
common sense by thomas paine
1776 majority of the colonists has been convinced that independence is the only way forward
declartion of independence(deeply influenced by enlightenment
natural rights(certain unalienable rights), social contract(the abliulty to throw off the government and make a new one)
Despite Britain’s military and financial advantages, the American Patriots won the Revolutionary War and gained independence.
Loyalists: American colonists who opposed the revolution
patriots: American colonists who favored independence
due to the leadership of George Washington
huge losses, but turning point of battle of saratoga(convinced french to help against the British)
war end at the battle of Yorktown 1781, treaty of pairs 1783(recongises America as a country)
The Articles of Confederation was the first constitution of the United States of America, and it failed largely because the federal government was too weak.
before the constitution, states had their own
Articles of Confederatin: put all federal power in on legislative body(congress)
federal gov is very week under the confederation
good thing: avoided a tyrannical central power
northwest ordiance of 1787
how statehood could be applied
Shay rebellion exposed all of the weakness of the constitution
what if more rebellion like this happened
there was no federal army bc no executive
The Constitutional Convention was called to draft a new constitution to rectify the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation.
to revise the article of confederation
quickly turned into drafting a constitution
federalists who favored a strong gov
anti federalists who didn’t want a strong gov
strong debate
representation
Virginia plan: people represented by population(favored big states)
New jersey plan: 1 vote per state(favored small states)
Great compromise(connictuit compromise
House of representatives(population
senate(equal)
slavery: 3/5 compromise(slaves represents 3/5 of a person)
prohibition of the international slave trade(until over 1808)
federalists won, but have to agree on the anti-fed for a bill of rights(outlined civil liberties for the American citizens)
The Constitution of the United States created a new central government defined by federalism and the separation of powers.
federalism: the sharing of power, state and fed
outlined in the 10th amendment
separation of power with checks and balances(republicanism)
legislative(makes law)
judicial(interprets law)
executive(reinforces the laws)
can veto or un veto
The ideals of the American Revolution affected society in America in terms of gender roles and debates about slavery, while they also inspired revolutions in France and Haiti.
northern started gradual emancipation
south is not(sectionalism
women
not socially equal to men
republican motherhood: could manipulate and control the politics by raising virtus sons
American rev inspired:
french rev
haiti, was s colony of France, majority black
first black republic
The presidencies of Washington & Adams set precedents for how America understood the relationship between the federal and state governments, economic policy, and foreign policy.
2 parties system: federalists and Democratic-republicans
disagreed over the power of the state gov
whiskey rebellion, farmers attacked the tax collectors
Washington squashed the rebellion
demo-rep thinks that significant federal overreach
hamilton national bank through the use of the elastic cause
consolidated the war debt into national debt
but dem-rep demishied the independence of the state
foreign policy: John Adams and the XYZ affair
french seizing ameircan ships, but demanded a bribe before they even talk to the Americans
both parties believed that it was wrong
alien and sedition acts(john adams(fed))
legal to deport of non citizen of the United Stat
hard to critique of the federal government
virgnia and kentucy resolutions
if the gov passes a law that is clearly unconstitutional, then states have the right to nullify it
Ideas about American national identity found expression in art, literature, and architecture, and while there were national expressions of American identity, there were also strong regional representations as well
idk what he was talking about lmao