Unit 1: 1491-1607 Big Ideas

• Native American Populations in the Americas were diverse peoples with differing ways of life shaped by the environment in which they lived

  • coastal regions developed pernment settlements, sedinatory

  • great basin: nomadic(Hunters and gathers)

  • Missippi River Valley: farmers, river created rich soil and trades up and down the mississippi River Valley

  • northeast(new england): long houses(timer bc lots of trees) Iroquois

• Europeans came to the Americas for various reason

  • Growing upper-class wanted asain stuff, but the Muslims blocked the trade routes, looking for sea based routes

  • Portgual trading empire, trading posts around Africa

  • spain: wanted to spread Christianity elsewhere, sent Christopher Columbus

• the Columbian exchange resulted in massive changes in Europe and the Americas

  • the trading of people, animals, farm crops, diseases from the east to the west and vice versa

    • smallpox(devasted the native population massively)(helped the Spanish conquor many lands)

    • maise(helped healthy diets in Europeans)(longer lifespan and better nutrition)

    • horse(for the native Americans who used to gain advantage in warfare, farming, hunting

    • minerals(Gold and silver)(mostly silver)

      • faciliited the change from a feudalistic to capitalism

      • changed how the coloniser were done(joint stock companies

• The arrival of the Spanish fundamentally changed the social and economic makeup of the Americas

  • the encomienda system

    • forced labor of the native Americans to work on their plantations

      • frequent escapes

      • NA dying massively due to small pox

      • didn’t work

    • which lead to increase demand for African slavery

      • would replace the NA

    • Casta system: a hieracy on the society of the Americas, based on race and ansestary

• As a result of their interaction with each other, europeans and native Americans understanding of each other changed over time

  • Land use

    • europeans believed that it is a commodity: to be used and sold as will

    • NA believed that there is a symbiotic relation between the land: a spiritual relationship

  • religion

    • EU are mostly Christians

    • NA are more pantiatic, differed from region to region

  • they adopted stuff from the other

  • Sepolvata

    • less than human and benefited from the harsh labor conditions from the EU

  • de las casas

    • priest, argued that they are human

Unit 2: 1607-1754 Big Ideas

• The Spanish, Dutch, French, and English projects of colonization were motivated by different goals

  • Common: Gold, God, and Glory

  • Spanish: extraction of gold, wealth, cash crops, spread of Christianity

    • subjecgation of NA, reordering of society

  • French& Dutch: Trading rather than conquest, not much permenatn settlements, not interested in converting

    • French: Fur trade

  • English: social mobility, religious freedom, prosperity

    • due to inflation and columbian exchange

    • enclosure movement, scarece of land

    • sepertis, religious persecution

• The British colonies in NA differed from each other in their goals, population makeup, and society(not all the same)

  • Chesapeake: James town is the first settlement, extraction of wealth]

    • Young male indentured servants looking for work

      • later replaced by slavery(Bacon’s rebellion)

    • tabacoo

  • New England: 1620 by puritan family groups, sepertist movement, to establish religious community

    • largely self governing and surprisingly democratic for that time

      • Mayflower compact: organised the gov as self governing

    • because of the distance between British a

    • house of burgesses

      • taxes and pass laws

  • British west indies:

    • warm, that

    • cash crop economies(sugar, tabacoo, rice, indigoo)

      • export those

    • increased demand for slavery

  • middle colonies: Trade

    • organised around export economies

    • lots of rivers

    • more diversity

  • what kept colonization viable was the great wealth being generated by the transatlantic trade

    • trade became global

      • New England where merchants give rum to west africa for enslaved people

      • Take the enslaved people through the middle passage for sugar canes

      • sugar canes to new england where they make the rum

    • mercantlism: relied heavily on establishing colonies in order to provide the home country with raw materials and markets for their goods

    • Navigation acts: Tried to tie all of the colonies together and with the GB

      • trade only on english ships with english colonies

      • taxed by the British

  • As European colonies became more established, European powers maintained differing policies in their interactions with NA peoples, which often led to conflict

    • metacomes war(king Phillips war): see the encroachment on their land, threatening their way of life, attacked the British settlements. Defeating Metacom

      • all is not well between the NA and the settlers

    • pueblos revolt: Pueblos resistance against the christening and land grabbing with missionaries

      • accommodate certain aspects of the pueblos.

  • All British colonies depended more or less on enslaved African laborers, but some enslaved people actively rebelled against the system

    • the number of enslaved people grows as you move down south

    • justifies as they are “chattle”(property)

      • they people are not human, so it was justifiable

    • there were a lot of rebliion

      • cover(maintained their belief and customs, broke tools) and overt(stono rebellion: small group of slaves killed and burned(resistance increased black codes))

  • colonial society both resembled English society and developed its own character

    • enlightenment: through transatlantic print culture

      • natural rights, social contract, questioning of religion

      • the rise of the New Light Clergy: those who taught faith against the enlightenment

    • 1st great awakening as the result of Jonathan and George Whitfield

      • 1st truly national movement

      • formed national identity

  • British colonial policies led to an increasing mistrust in the American Colonies

    • impressment: the practice seizing ameircan men and making them work for the British navy

    • colonists are becoming aware of their natural rights and are growing tired of the British injust treatment

Unit 3: 1754-1800

• the french and indian war led to increased land for the American colonies and a greater burden of taxation

  • french and indian war: smaller part of the 7 years war

    • a conflict between the french and the British

    • British victory and french is kicked out

  • British doubled the land holding

  • Americans started moving west, which created conflicts with the NA

  • the proclamation of 1763: cant go further than the ohio river valley

    • agry about this from the colonists

  • British raised taxes for the colonists

• biritsh colonial policies, specific taxation without colonial representation in Parliament, led to the Revolutionary war

  • salutary neglect: so far apart, so the crown and the parliament were kinda hands off

    • now is demanding more taxes after the war

  • new law and further taxation

    • stricter reinforcement of:

      • navigation acts

      • quartering acts: British troops in the colonies to make sure that they listened

      • stamp act: tax on the paper products

  • parliament is taxing the colonists without representation

    • “virtual representation”: within parliament, all classes are represented, no not all areas

    • stamp act congress: repeal the congress as loyal British citizens(just wanted their right)

  • keeps on intrudcing new stuff

    • boycott from the colonists

  • Boston massacre

    • British fired into a crowd of 11 colonists died

    • showed that it is increasing british tyranny

  • boston tea party

    • dumped tea into the Boston harbor

    • cohesive act: no more harbor for you until you pay them all back

      • colonists economy is very effected

  • growing support of the patriot movement

• Enlightenment ideals exhibited a major influence on the American Independence movement, especially exhibited in Thomas Paine’s Common Sense and the Declaration of Independence.

  • important:

    • natural rights, separation of power in the gov, social construct

  • common sense by thomas paine

    • 1776 majority of the colonists has been convinced that independence is the only way forward

  • declartion of independence(deeply influenced by enlightenment

    • natural rights(certain unalienable rights), social contract(the abliulty to throw off the government and make a new one)

• Despite Britain’s military and financial advantages, the American Patriots won the Revolutionary War and gained independence.

  • Loyalists: American colonists who opposed the revolution

  • patriots: American colonists who favored independence

    • due to the leadership of George Washington

  • huge losses, but turning point of battle of saratoga(convinced french to help against the British)

  • war end at the battle of Yorktown 1781, treaty of pairs 1783(recongises America as a country)

• The Articles of Confederation was the first constitution of the United States of America, and it failed largely because the federal government was too weak.

  • before the constitution, states had their own

  • Articles of Confederatin: put all federal power in on legislative body(congress)

    • federal gov is very week under the confederation

  • good thing: avoided a tyrannical central power

  • northwest ordiance of 1787

    • how statehood could be applied

  • Shay rebellion exposed all of the weakness of the constitution

    • what if more rebellion like this happened

    • there was no federal army bc no executive

• The Constitutional Convention was called to draft a new constitution to rectify the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation.

  • to revise the article of confederation

  • quickly turned into drafting a constitution

    • federalists who favored a strong gov

    • anti federalists who didn’t want a strong gov

  • strong debate

    • representation

      • Virginia plan: people represented by population(favored big states)

      • New jersey plan: 1 vote per state(favored small states)

      • Great compromise(connictuit compromise

        • House of representatives(population

        • senate(equal)

    • slavery: 3/5 compromise(slaves represents 3/5 of a person)

    • prohibition of the international slave trade(until over 1808)

    • federalists won, but have to agree on the anti-fed for a bill of rights(outlined civil liberties for the American citizens)

• The Constitution of the United States created a new central government defined by federalism and the separation of powers.

  • federalism: the sharing of power, state and fed

    • outlined in the 10th amendment

  • separation of power with checks and balances(republicanism)

    • legislative(makes law)

    • judicial(interprets law)

    • executive(reinforces the laws)

    • can veto or un veto

• The ideals of the American Revolution affected society in America in terms of gender roles and debates about slavery, while they also inspired revolutions in France and Haiti.

  • northern started gradual emancipation

  • south is not(sectionalism

  • women

    • not socially equal to men

    • republican motherhood: could manipulate and control the politics by raising virtus sons

  • American rev inspired:

    • french rev

    • haiti, was s colony of France, majority black

      • first black republic

• The presidencies of Washington & Adams set precedents for how America understood the relationship between the federal and state governments, economic policy, and foreign policy.

  • 2 parties system: federalists and Democratic-republicans

    • disagreed over the power of the state gov

    • whiskey rebellion, farmers attacked the tax collectors

      • Washington squashed the rebellion

      • demo-rep thinks that significant federal overreach

  • hamilton national bank through the use of the elastic cause

    • consolidated the war debt into national debt

    • but dem-rep demishied the independence of the state

  • foreign policy: John Adams and the XYZ affair

    • french seizing ameircan ships, but demanded a bribe before they even talk to the Americans

    • both parties believed that it was wrong

  • alien and sedition acts(john adams(fed))

    • legal to deport of non citizen of the United Stat

    • hard to critique of the federal government

    • virgnia and kentucy resolutions

      • if the gov passes a law that is clearly unconstitutional, then states have the right to nullify it

  • Ideas about American national identity found expression in art, literature, and architecture, and while there were national expressions of American identity, there were also strong regional representations as well

    • idk what he was talking about lmao